Multivariable logistic regression model ORs for hospitalisation among all KPGA COVID-19 patients and by race/ethnicity and sex
| Population Total sample size, n (%) | All COVID-19 | Race/Ethnicity | Sex | ||||
| Black | White | Hispanic | Asian | Female | Male | ||
| n=5721 (100%) | n=3339 (58.4%) | n=1689 (29.5%) | n=487 (8.5%) | n=206 (3.6%) | n=3304 (57.8%) | n=2417 (42.2%) | |
| Variables OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Race black | 1.43* (1.13, 1.83) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1.46* (1.06, 2.02) | |
| Race Hispanic | 1.60* (1.08, 2.37) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||
| Race Asian | 1.43 (0.90, 2.28) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||
| Age | 1.03** (1.02, 1.04) | 1.02** (1.01, 1.04) | 1.05** (1.03, 1.06) | 1.05** (1.02, 1.07) | 1.06** (1.03, 1.10) | 1.04** (1.03, 1.05) | 1.04** (1.03, 1.05) |
| Female sex | 0.74* (0.61, 0.90) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.6) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.39* (0.20, 0.76) | 0.38* (0.15, 0.96) | n/a | n/a |
| Social determinants | |||||||
| Medicare insurance† | 1.52* (1.12, 2.06) | 1.92* (1.29, 2.88) | |||||
| High unemployment zip code‡ | 1.08* (1.03, 1.13) | 1.09* (1.03, 1.16) | 1.09* (1.02, 1.17) | 1.11** (1.04, 1.19) | |||
| NE county area§ | 0.64* (0.43, 0.95) | ||||||
| High income zip code¶ | 0.24* (0.08, 0.78) | ||||||
| Comorbidities†† | |||||||
| COPD | 2.59** (1.67, 4.02) | 2.53* (1.24, 5.16) | 2.49* (1.38, 4.49) | 4.34** (2.42, 7.77) | |||
| CHF | 1.79** (1.31, 2.45) | 2.19** (1.47, 3.27) | 2.62** (1.67, 4.12) | ||||
| Immunocompromised | 1.77* (1.16, 2.70) | 2.54* (1.14, 5.67) | 2.41* (1.22, 4.74) | ||||
| Depression | 1.60** (1.24, 2.06) | 2.13** (1.42, 3.21) | 1.52* (1.11, 2.09) | 1.73* (1.11, 2.69) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.50** (1.21, 1.87) | 1.74** (1.30, 2.32) | 1.38* (1.01, 1.88) | 1.58* (1.15, 2.17) | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index‡‡ | 1.19** (1.11, 1.28) | 1.21** (1.11, 1.33) | 1.26**(1.12, 1.42) | 1.12* (1.01, 1.24) | 1.34** (1.23, 1.47) | ||
| Arrhythmia | 1.89* (1.05, 3.42) | ||||||
| Quality of care metrics§§ | |||||||
| Uncontrolled HbA1c>8% | 1.68* (1.19, 2.38) | 1.74* (1.13, 2.66) | 5.95** (2.24, 15.78) | 1.76* (1.07, 2.90) | |||
| Uncontrolled HbA1c>9% | 2.01* (1.11, 3.62) | ||||||
| Blood pressure >140/90 | 2.17* (1.31, 3.57) | ||||||
| Antiasthmatic medication | 1.51* (1.06, 2.15) | ||||||
| Cough/Cold medication | 1.37* (1.02, 1.84) | ||||||
| Lifestyle behaviours§§ | |||||||
| Physically inactive¶¶§ | 1.25* (1.03, 1.51) | 1.45* (1.12, 1.89) | |||||
†Not available as an independent variable for stratified models. Significance levels: *p≤0.05, **p≤0.001.
‡Represents Medicare population (aged 65+ and people with disabilities).
§Based on ESRI Business Analyst dataset showing employment and income breakdown by zip code and then linked to individual patients based on their recorded residence.
¶NE county area includes Dekalb, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Hall, Barrow, Jackson, Butts, Gilmer, Pike, Gordon, Jasper, Monroe counties.
††Based on diagnosis reported by the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems code (ICD-10) in patient’s medical history.
‡‡Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts the 10-year mortality of a patient based on age and comorbidities. Scores are summed to provide a total predictive score. The lowest score of 0 corresponds to a 98% estimated 10-year survival rate (Charlson et al 1987).
§§Assessed at the most recent clinical encounter within the last 12 months.
¶¶Physically Inactive defined as self-reported weekly exercise <10 min.
CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia; NE, Northeast.