Sociodemographic characteristics of KPGA patients with COVID-19 seen from 3 March to 29 October 2020
| KPGA members by race, N (%) | ||||||
| All N=5721 (100%) | Black n=3339 (58.4%) | White n=1689 (29.5%) | Hispanic n=487 (8.5%) | Asian n=206 (3.6%) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 44.8 (15.7) | 43.9 (15.1) | 47.1 (17.8) | 41.9 (14) | 45.8 (15.8) | <0.0001 |
| Age range, years | ||||||
| 18–49 | 3414 (59.7) | 2106 (63.1) | 865 (51.21) | 328 (67.4) | 115 (55.8) | <0.0001 |
| 50–64 | 1686 (29.5) | 931 (27.9) | 549 (32.5) | 140 (28.8) | 66 (32) | |
| 65 and above | 621 (10.9) | 302 (9) | 275 (16.3) | 19 (3.9) | 25 (12.1) | |
| Gender | <0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 2416 (42.2) | 1270 (38) | 820 (48.5) | 226 (46.4) | 100 (48.5) | |
| Female | 3304 (57.8) | 2068 (62) | 869 (51.5) | 261 (53.6) | 106 (51.5) | |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Commercial | 4626 (80.9) | 2675 (80.1) | 1343 (79.5) | 435 (89.3) | 173 (84) | <0.0001 |
| Medicare | 567 (9.9) | 291 (8.7) | 245 (14.5) | 14 (2.9) | 17 (8.3) | |
| Medicaid | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | |
| Self-pay | 326 (5.7) | 237 (7.1) | 59 (3.5) | 17 (3.5) | 13 (6.3) | |
| Other* | 196 (3.4) | 132 (4) | 42 (2.5) | 19 (3.9) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Median household income, N (%)† | ||||||
| 25k–50k | 1079 (19.4) | 855 (25.6) | 115 (6.8) | 78 (16) | 31 (15) | <0.0001 |
| 50k–75k | 2746 (49.3) | 1814 (54.3) | 639 (37.8) | 225 (46.2) | 68 (33) | |
| 75k–100k | 1478 (26.5) | 512 (15.3) | 734 (43.5) | 155 (31.8) | 77 (37.4) | |
| 100k+ | 272 (4.9) | 58 (1.7) | 170 (10.1) | 19 (3.9) | 25 (12.1) | |
| Households under poverty level, %‡ | 12.36 | 13.95 | 9.85 | 11.96 | 10.37 | <0.0001 |
| Residential region (%)§ | ||||||
| Northeast | 2090 (36.5) | 1085 (32.5) | 626 (37.1) | 274 (56.3) | 105 (51) | <0.0001 |
| Northwest | 969 (16.9) | 341 (10.2) | 492 (29.1) | 102 (20.9) | 34 (16.5) | |
| Southeast | 1116 (19.5) | 854 (25.6) | 192 (11.4) | 35 (7.2) | 35 (17) | |
| Southwest | 1179 (20.6) | 822 (24.6) | 280 (16.6) | 53 (10.9) | 24 (11.7) | |
| Neighbourhood Deprivation Index¶ | 0.07 | 0.37 | −0.4 | 0.03 | −0.27 | <0.0001 |
| Occupation, mean %** | ||||||
| Frontline workers | 33.6 | 35.6 | 30.2 | 35.4 | 31.2 | <0.0001 |
| Healthcare workers | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7 | 6.5 | 6.6 | |
| Other workers | 59.2 | 57 | 62.7 | 58.1 | 62.1 | |
| Education, mean %†† | ||||||
| Some high school | 6.6 | 7.2 | 5.8 | 7 | 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| High school | 22.3 | 24 | 20.2 | 21.4 | 19.9 | |
| Associates degree | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.4 | |
| Some college | 20.8 | 21.8 | 19.7 | 19.4 | 19.1 | |
| Bachelors | 21.8 | 19.5 | 24.8 | 22.1 | 24.9 | |
| Graduate | 12.6 | 11.5 | 14.2 | 12.3 | 14.4 | |
*Other insurances include military Health Maintenance Organisation (HMO) or Preferred Provider Organisation (PPO).
†Based on ESRI Business Analyst dataset showing median household income by zip code and then linked to individual patients based on their recorded residence.
‡Poverty line was defined by the federal poverty level.
§The Atlanta metro area was divided up by county in four subregions.Northwest: Cobb, Cherokee, Paulding,Bartow, Pickens, Polk, Troup, Habersham.Northeast: Dekalb, Gwinnett,Forsyth, Hall, Barrow, Jackson, Butts, Gilmer, Pike, Gordon, Jasper, Monroe.Southwest: Fulton, Douglas, Fayette,Coweta, Carroll, Meriwether, Heard, Dawson, Madison, Lumpkin.Southeast: Clayton, Henry, Rockdale, Walton,Clarke, Spalding, Oconee, Muscogee, Brooks, Town.
¶The Neighbourhood Deprivation Index (NDI) is a composite measure of social and economic factors such as income, education, employment and housing quality that reflect neighbourhood deprivation. The higher the index value, the higher the level of deprivation in the neighbourhood.
**Based on ESRI Business Analyst data. Occupation Breakdown: Frontline workers included community/social services, protective services, food preparation/serving-related services, building/grounds cleaning/maintenance services, construction/extraction services, installation/maintenance/repair services,production services and transportation/material moving services. Healthcare workers included healthcare practitioners/technicians and healthcare support staff. Other workers included personal care/service workers, sales and sales-related workers, office/administrative support workers, farming/fishing/forestry workers, management/business/financial workers, computer/mathematical service workers, architecture/engineering workers, life/physical/social science workers, community/social service workers, legal workers, education/training/library workers and arts/design/entertainment/sports/media workers.
††Based on ESRI Business Analyst data. It is expressed in mean percentage and provides the counts of individual education attainment and occupation by category within each zip code (denominator).
KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia.