Table 6

Regression models showing associations between modifiable explanatory variables and anxiety scores

GAD-7 total score§	Regression coefficient B	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	β	P value
Loneliness, positive mood, perceived risk and worry
Age (per decade)	−0.10	−0.14	−0.06	−0.14	p<0.0001‡
Female	0.23	0.03	0.43	0.06	p<0.05*
Live alone	−0.03	−0.25	0.18	−0.01	0.75
BAME background	−0.00	−0.18	0.18	−0.00	0.97
Keyworker	−0.06	−0.19	0.07	−0.03	0.34
COVID-19 risk status§
Most at risk	0.21	−0.04	0.46	0.05	0.10
Increased risk	0.07	−0.12	0.27	0.02	0.48
Perceived loneliness (per unit)	0.07	0.05	0.10	0.17	p<0.0001‡
Positive mood (per unit)	−0.13	−0.15	−0.12	−0.55	p<0.0001‡
Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit)	−0.01	−0.06	0.03	−0.02	0.52
COVID-19 worry**
Never	−0.19	−0.32	−0.05	−0.07	p<0.01†
Much of the time	0.42	0.13	0.70	0.08	p<0.01†
Most of the time	0.27	−0.29	0.82	0.03	0.35
Adjusted R²=0.54, n=657
Health behaviours
Age (per decade)	−0.21	−0.27	−0.15	−0.29	p<0.0001‡
Female	0.25	−0.03	0.52	0.07	0.08
Live alone	0.12	−0.16	0.41	0.03	0.39
BAME background	−0.09	−0.34	0.16	−0.03	0.48
Keyworker	0.08	−0.09	0.26	0.04	0.35
COVID-19 risk status¶
Most at risk	0.29	−0.06	0.63	0.06	0.11
Increased risk	0.19	−0.08	0.46	0.05	0.16
Pet ownership	−0.24	−0.42	−0.06	−0.10	p<0.01†
Smoker (yes/no)	0.42	0.03	0.81	0.08	p<0.05*
Exercise††
Every day	−0.83	−1.24	−0.42	−0.34	p<0.0001‡
2–3 times a week	−0.73	−1.14	−0.31	−0.28	p<0.01†
Once a week	−0.66	−1.13	−0.20	−0.17	p<0.01†
Less than once a week	−0.39	−0.86	0.07	−0.10	0.10
Alcohol consumption‡‡
Daily	0.24	−0.10	0.57	0.06	0.16
4–6 times a week	0.34	0.05	0.63	0.10	p<0.05*
1–3 times a week	0.16	−0.06	0.38	0.06	0.16
Less than once a week	0.31	0.04	0.58	0.09	p<0.05*
Adjusted R²=0.13, n=681

*p<0.05.
†p<0.01.
‡p<0.0001.
§Square root of total score.
¶Comparison reference group: neither category.
**Comparison reference group: ‘I occasionally worry about getting COVID-19’.
††Comparison reference group: never exercise.
‡‡Comparison reference group: never consume alcohol.
BAME, black, Asian and minority ethnic; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder.