Comparing depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) stress (PSS-4) and worry about COVID-19 in New Zealand (NZ) and the UK‡ during COVID-19 pandemic
| PHQ-9 Score | GAD-7 Score | PSS-4 Score | |||||||
| NZ | UK | NZ | UK | NZ | UK | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | |
| Total score | 7.88 (6.4) | 7.69 (6.0) | 0.76 (p=0.45) | 6.26 (5.4) | 6.59 (5.6) | −1.57 (p=0.12) | 6.31 (3.3) | 6.48 (3.3) | −1.35 (p=0.18) |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 7.03 (6.2) | 6.49 (6.1) | 0.72 (p=0.47) | 5.54 (5.6) | 5.22 (5.4) | 0.48 (p=0.63) | 5.94 (3.5) | 5.88 (3.3) | 0.15 (p=0.89) |
| Female | 7.94 (6.4) | 7.91 (6.0) | 0.11 (p=0.91) | 6.32 (5.4) | 6.84 (5.5) | −2.37* | 6.34 (3.3) | 6.59 (3.3) | −1.91 (p=0.06) |
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 11.73 (6.7) | 11.24 (6.4) | 0.76 (p=0.45) | 9.04 (6.0) | 9.02 (6.0) | 0.03 (p=0.98) | 8.16 (3.0) | 8.13 (3.3) | 0.10 (p=0.92) |
| 25–34 | 8.32 (6.1) | 8.74 (5.9) | −0.91 (p=0.37) | 6.85 (5.5) | 7.73 (5.6) | −2.12* | 6.65 (3.2) | 6.94 (3.3) | −1.20 (p=0.23) |
| 35–44 | 7.34 (6.5) | 8.23 (6.0) | −1.38 (p=0.17) | 6.39 (5.6) | 7.25 (5.7) | −1.55 (p=0.13) | 6.17 (3.5) | 6.46 (3.2) | −0.84 (p=0.41) |
| 45–54 | 6.51 (4.9) | 7.32 (5.7) | −1.85 (p=0.07) | 4.79 (4.3) | 6.28 (5.3) | −3.85† | 5.65 (3.1) | 6.16 (3.0) | −1.85 (p=0.07) |
| 55–64 | 7.27 (6.2) | 6.35 (5.6) | 1.49 (p=0.14) | 5.60 (4.9) | 5.43 (5.1) | 0.35 (p=0.73) | 5.59 (3.1) | 5.94 (3.2) | −1.15 (p=0.25) |
| 65–74 | 5.21 (5.7) | 3.83 (4.3) | 1.66 (p=0.11) | 4.00 (4.4) | 3.32 (3.8) | 1.05 (p=0.30) | 4.87 (3.2) | 5.07 (3.0) | −0.43 (p=0.67) |
| ≥75 | 2.86 (4.3) | 4.39 (5.8) | −1.64 (p=0.12) | 2.81 (4.2) | 2.92 (4.4) | −0.12 (p=0.91) | 4.76 (3.1) | 4.80 (3.0) | −0.06 (p=0.96) |
| NZ | UK | ||||||||
| Worry about COVID-19 | |||||||||
| Never | 255b | 512a | |||||||
| Occasionally | 370b | 2050a | |||||||
| Much | 45b | 413a | |||||||
| Most | 10b | 122a | |||||||
| n=3777 | |||||||||
Subscripts a and b indicate significant differences at p<0.05.
*p<0.05.
†p<0.0001.
‡Published UK population normative data during the COVID-19 pandemic.20
GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire ; PSS-4, 4-item Perceived Stress Scale.