Depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and stress (PSS-4) scores for the New Zealand cohort, compared with published population normative data‡
| PHQ-9 Score | GAD-7 Score | PSS-4 Score | |||||||
| Participants | Norms | Participants | Norms | Participants | Norms | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | |
| Total score | 7.88 (6.4) | 2.91 (3.5) | 20.36† | 6.26 (5.4) | 2.95 (3.4) | 15.98† | 6.31 (3.3) | 6.11 (3.1) | 1.58 (p=0.11) |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 7.03 (6.2) | 2.7 (3.5) | 5.79† | 5.54 (5.6) | 2.66 (3.2) | 4.27† | 5.94 (3.5) | 5.56 (3.0) | 0.91 (p=0.37) |
| Female | 7.94 (6.4) | 3.1 (3.5) | 18.71† | 6.32 (5.4) | 3.20 (3.5) | 14.25† | 6.34 (3.3) | 6.38 (3.2) | −0.334 (p=0.74) |
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 11.73 (6.7) | …. | …. | 9.04 (6.0) | …. | …. | 8.16 (3.0) | …. | …. |
| 25–34 | 8.32 (6.1) | 2.3 (3.2) | 12.9† | 6.85 (5.5) | 2.81 (3.3) | 9.72† | 6.65 (3.2) | …. | …. |
| 35–44 | 7.34 (6.5) | 2.6 (3.5) | 7.35† | 6.39 (5.6) | 2.82 (3.3) | 6.42† | 6.17 (3.5) | …. | …. |
| 45–54 | 6.51 (4.9) | 2.8 (3.5) | 8.43† | 4.79 (4.3) | 3.14 (3.4) | 4.27† | 5.65 (3.1) | …. | …. |
| 55–64 | 7.27 (6.2) | 3.2 (3.5) | 6.63† | 5.60 (4.9) | 3.25 (3.6) | 4.84† | 5.59 (3.1) | …. | …. |
| 65–74 | 5.21 (5.7) | 3.3 (3.6) | 2.29* | 4.00 (4.4) | 2.79 (3.2) | 1.87 (p=0.07) | 4.87 (3.2) | …. | …. |
| ≥75 | 2.86 (4.3) | 4.4 (3.9) | −1.65 (p=0.12) | 2.81 (4.2) | 3.05 (3.4) | −0.26 (p=0.8) | 4.76 (3.1) | …. | …. |
*p<0.05.
†p<0.0001.
‡Published population normative data for PHQ-925, GAD-726 and PSS-4.27
GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire ; PSS-4, 4-item Perceived Stress Scale.