Characteristics of included studies (n=58)
| Characteristics | N (%) |
| Continent | |
| North America | 36 (62) |
| Europe | 13 (22) |
| Asia | 7 (12) |
| Africa | 2 (3) |
| Year of publication | |
| 2010–2020 | 44 (76) |
| 2000–2009 | 12 (21) |
| 1996–1999 | 2 (3) |
| Study design | |
| Cohort/longitudinal | 41 (71) |
| Quasi-experimental* | 10 (17) |
| Cross-sectional | 7 (12) |
| Sample size | |
| ≥10 000 | 19 (33) |
| 1000–<10 000 | 10 (17) |
| ≤1000 | 24 (41) |
| Not specified | 5 (9) |
| Exposure life stage | |
| Pregnancy/childhood | 24 (41) |
| Adulthood | 34 (57) |
| Outcome life stage | |
| Pregnancy | 2 (3) |
| Childhood† | 8 (13) |
| Adult | 47 (81) |
| Disaster | |
| Human-made | 23 (40) |
| Natural | 35 (60) |
| Cardiometabolic outcome‡ | |
| Cardiovascular disease§ | 41 (71) |
| Diabetes¶ | 11 (19) |
| Obesity or BMI | 12 (21) |
| Mortality from cardiovascular disease | 9 (16) |
| Cardiometabolic risk during pregnancy** | 2 (3) |
*Includes pre/post-study design, time-series and natural experiments.
†Children defined as ≤18 years of age.
‡Does not equal to 100% as studies report multiple cardiometabolic outcomes.
§Includes hypertension, coronary artery disease/heart disease, angina, heart attack/myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome, cardiac disease-related blood markers, stroke.
¶Diabetes, blood glucose, metabolic syndrome.
**Gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia.
BMI, body mass index.