HR of neighbourhood walkability quintiles—ages 20–64 years
Unadjusted HR | Unadjusted p value | Adjusted HR | Adjusted p value | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Female | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.20) | 0.0011 |
Age, years | ||||
20–34 | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
35–49 | 1.70 (1.58 to 1.83) | <0.0001 | 1.63 (1.50 to 1.76) | <0.0001 |
50–64 | 2.97 (2.73 to 3.23) | <0.0001 | 2.78 (2.53 to 3.06) | <0.0001 |
Education | ||||
Less than high school | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
High school completed | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.94) | 0.0079 | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.98) | 0.0287 |
Some post-secondary | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.84) | 0.0002 | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) | 0.0245 |
Post-secondary completed | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82) | <0.0001 | 0.82 (0.71 to 0.96) | 0.0130 |
Income group | ||||
0–$C19 999 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.18) | 0.7523 | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) | 0.0321 |
$C20 000–$C39 999 | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.9751 | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.01) | 0.0690 |
$C40 000–$C59 999 | 1.24 (1.11 to 1.37) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 0.0578 |
$C60 000–$C79 999 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) | 0.0008 | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) | 0.7107 |
$C80 000+ | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Marital status | ||||
Married/common law | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Widow/separated/divorced | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (0.97 to 1.21) | 0.1780 |
Single | 0.62 (0.58 to 0.67) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | 0.3556 |
Smoker type | ||||
Regular/former | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.21) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.13) | 0.1188 |
Occasional/non-smoker | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Physical activity | ||||
Active | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Inactive | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) | 0.0001 | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 0.7533 |
Life stress | ||||
None/low stress | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
High stress | 1.26 (1.07 to 1.47) | 0.0044 | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.30) | 0.3210 |
Self-perceived health | ||||
Excellent | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
Very good | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 0.0070 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.26) | 0.0009 |
Good | 1.34 (1.23 to 1.46) | <0.0001 | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.50) | <0.0001 |
Fair | 2.08 (1.78 to 2.42) | <0.0001 | 1.94 (1.65 to 2.28) | <0.0001 |
Poor | 2.11 (1.56 to 2.85) | <0.0001 | 1.82 (1.32 to 2.51) | 0.0003 |
CCHS cycles | ||||
Years (2000–2012) | 0.91 (0.90 to 0.93) | <0.0001 | 0.90 (0.88 to 0.93) | <0.0001 |
Walkability Index (DA-lvl) | ||||
Q1 (least walkable) | 1.20 (1.08 to 1.35) | 0.0010 | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.28) | 0.0230 |
2 | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.34) | 0.0021 | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.27) | 0.0450 |
3 | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.35) | 0.0014 | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.21) | 0.1980 |
4 | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.27) | 0.0414 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) | 0.2689 |
Q5 (most walkable) | 1.00 (–) | – | 1.00 (–) | – |
CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey.