Differences in demographic, comorbidity, lifestyle, and medication use characteristics between COVID-19 infected and non-COVID-19 groups
| Non-COVID-19 | COVID-19 | Total | P value | |
| (N=15 214) | (N=226) | (N=15 440) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender | 0.005 | |||
| Female | 8570 (56.3%) | 105 (46.5%) | 8675 (56.2%) | |
| Male | 6644 (43.7%) | 121 (53.5%) | 6765 (43.8%) | |
| Ethnic origin | 0.004 | |||
| White | 6914 (45.4%) | 97 (42.9%) | 7011 (45.4%) | |
| South Asian | 4381 (28.8%) | 68 (30.1%) | 4449 (28.8%) | |
| Black | 1635 (10.7%) | 40 (17.7%) | 1675 (10.8%) | |
| Other | 1855 (12.2%) | 19 (8.4%) | 1874 (12.1%) | |
| Unknown | 429 (2.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | 431 (2.8%) | |
| HPB cancer | 1 | |||
| No | 14 779 (97.1%) | 220 (97.3%) | 14 999 (97.1%) | |
| Yes | 435 (2.9%) | 6 (2.7%) | 441 (2.9%) | |
| Pancreatic disease* | 0.017 | |||
| No | 12 264 (83.0%) | 170 (77.3%) | 12 434 (82.9%) | |
| Acute | 1211 (8.2%) | 19 (8.6%) | 1230 (8.2%) | |
| Chronic | 1304 (8.8%) | 31 (14.1%) | 1335 (8.9%) | |
| Liver disease* | 0.004 | |||
| No | 6781 (45.9%) | 82 (37.3%) | 6863 (45.8%) | |
| Mild | 6985 (47.3%) | 113 (51.4%) | 7098 (47.3%) | |
| Moderate/severe | 1013 (6.9%) | 25 (11.4%) | 1038 (6.9%) | |
| Biliary disease* | 0.159 | |||
| No | 7589 (51.3%) | 127 (57.7%) | 7716 (51.4%) | |
| Acute | 738 (5.0%) | 11 (5.0%) | 749 (5.0%) | |
| Chronic | 6452 (43.7%) | 82 (37.3%) | 6534 (43.6%) | |
| Age | <0.001 | |||
| Median | 57.08 | 67.03 | 57.22 | |
| Q1, Q3 | 44.76, 69.19 | 55.07, 80.93 | 44.86, 69.42 | |
| Age group | <0.001 | |||
| 18–40 | 2803 (18.4%) | 23 (10.2%) | 2826 (18.3%) | |
| 41–50 | 2714 (17.8%) | 26 (11.5%) | 2740 (17.7%) | |
| 51–60 | 3407 (22.4%) | 35 (15.5%) | 3442 (22.3%) | |
| 61–70 | 2957 (19.4%) | 42 (18.6%) | 2999 (19.4%) | |
| 71–80 | 1980 (13.0%) | 43 (19.0%) | 2023 (13.1%) | |
| 80+ | 1353 (8.9%) | 57 (25.2%) | 1410 (9.1%) | |
| All-cause mortality | <0.001 | |||
| Survivor | 14 845 (97.6%) | 164 (72.6%) | 15 009 (97.2%) | |
| Deceased | 369 (2.4%) | 62 (27.4%) | 431 (2.8%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 5854 (38.5%) | 148 (65.5%) | 6002 (38.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 9759 (64.1%) | 193 (85.4%) | 9952 (64.5%) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol | 8227 (54.1%) | 156 (69.0%) | 8383 (54.3%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 4283 (28.2%) | 131 (58.0%) | 4414 (28.6%) | <0.001 |
| Renal | 3094 (20.3%) | 110 (48.7%) | 3204 (20.8%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 4574 (30.1%) | 111 (49.1%) | 4685 (30.3%) | <0.001 |
| Number of comorbidities | <0.001 | |||
| None | 2410 (15.8%) | 8 (3.5%) | 2418 (15.7%) | |
| 1 | 2924 (19.2%) | 13 (5.8%) | 2937 (19.0%) | |
| 2 | 3039 (20.0%) | 28 (12.4%) | 3067 (19.9%) | |
| 3 or more | 6841 (45.0%) | 177 (78.3%) | 7018 (45.5%) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Smoker | <0.001 | |||
| Not available | 436 (2.9%) | 2 (0.9%) | 438 (2.8%) | |
| Never | 6425 (42.2%) | 84 (37.2%) | 6509 (42.2%) | |
| Past | 5110 (33.6%) | 114 (50.4%) | 5224 (33.8%) | |
| Current | 3243 (21.3%) | 26 (11.5%) | 3269 (21.2%) | |
| Drinker | 0.021 | |||
| Not available | 2505 (16.5%) | 28 (12.4%) | 2533 (16.4%) | |
| Never | 3857 (25.4%) | 58 (25.7%) | 3915 (25.4%) | |
| Past | 2145 (14.1%) | 47 (20.8%) | 2192 (14.2%) | |
| Current | 6707 (44.1%) | 93 (41.2%) | 6800 (44.0%) | |
| Substance user | <0.001 | |||
| Not available | 7686 (50.5%) | 99 (43.8%) | 7785 (50.4%) | |
| Never | 3606 (23.7%) | 29 (12.8%) | 3635 (23.5%) | |
| Past | 403 (2.6%) | 13 (5.8%) | 416 (2.7%) | |
| Current | 3519 (23.1%) | 85 (37.6%) | 3604 (23.3%) | |
| Obese | <0.001 | |||
| Not available | 406 (2.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 407 (2.6%) | |
| Never | 6715 (44.1%) | 85 (37.6%) | 6800 (44.0%) | |
| Past | 2199 (14.5%) | 51 (22.6%) | 2250 (14.6%) | |
| Current | 5894 (38.7%) | 89 (39.4%) | 5983 (38.8%) | |
| Prescription medication use | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 12 024 (79.0%) | 161 (71.2%) | 12 185 (78.9%) | |
| Past user | 518 (3.4%) | 28 (12.4%) | 546 (3.5%) | |
| Current user | 2672 (17.6%) | 37 (16.4%) | 2709 (17.5%) | |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 0.024 | |||
| Non-user | 13 530 (88.9%) | 188 (83.2%) | 13 718 (88.8%) | |
| Past user | 227 (1.5%) | 5 (2.2%) | 232 (1.5%) | |
| Current user | 1457 (9.6%) | 33 (14.6%) | 1490 (9.7%) | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 14 651 (96.3%) | 205 (90.7%) | 14 856 (96.2%) | |
| Past user | 137 (0.9%) | 9 (4.0%) | 146 (0.9%) | |
| Current user | 426 (2.8%) | 12 (5.3%) | 438 (2.8%) | |
| β-blocker | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 12 161 (79.9%) | 145 (64.2%) | 12 306 (79.7%) | |
| Past user | 410 (2.7%) | 12 (5.3%) | 422 (2.7%) | |
| Current user | 2643 (17.4%) | 69 (30.5%) | 2712 (17.6%) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 0.005 | |||
| Non-user | 11 714 (77.0%) | 158 (69.9%) | 11 872 (76.9%) | |
| Past user | 581 (3.8%) | 17 (7.5%) | 598 (3.9%) | |
| Current user | 2919 (19.2%) | 51 (22.6%) | 2970 (19.2%) | |
| α-agonist | 0.837 | |||
| Non-user | 15 131 (99.5%) | 225 (99.6%) | 15 356 (99.5%) | |
| Past user | 23 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 23 (0.1%) | |
| Current user | 60 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 61 (0.4%) | |
| Thiazide | 0.759 | |||
| Non-user | 15 131 (99.5%) | 225 (99.6%) | 15 356 (99.5%) | |
| Past user | 32 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 32 (0.2%) | |
| Current user | 51 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 52 (0.3%) | |
| Antiplatelet | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 12 512 (82.2%) | 147 (65.0%) | 12 659 (82.0%) | |
| Past user | 446 (2.9%) | 10 (4.4%) | 456 (3.0%) | |
| Current user | 2256 (14.8%) | 69 (30.5%) | 2325 (15.1%) | |
| Antiarrhythmic | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 14 440 (94.9%) | 199 (88.1%) | 14 639 (94.8%) | |
| Past user | 156 (1.0%) | 7 (3.1%) | 163 (1.1%) | |
| Current user | 618 (4.1%) | 20 (8.8%) | 638 (4.1%) | |
| Anticoagulant | 0.008 | |||
| Non-user | 14 613 (96.0%) | 208 (92.0%) | 14 821 (96.0%) | |
| Past user | 144 (0.9%) | 5 (2.2%) | 149 (1.0%) | |
| Current user | 457 (3.0%) | 13 (5.8%) | 470 (3.0%) | |
| Glucocorticoid | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 10 878 (71.5%) | 122 (54.0%) | 11 000 (71.2%) | |
| Past user | 1278 (8.4%) | 22 (9.7%) | 1300 (8.4%) | |
| Current user | 3058 (20.1%) | 82 (36.3%) | 3140 (20.3%) | |
| β2-agonist | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 13 443 (88.4%) | 172 (76.1%) | 13 615 (88.2%) | |
| Past user | 286 (1.9%) | 8 (3.5%) | 294 (1.9%) | |
| Current user | 1485 (9.8%) | 46 (20.4%) | 1531 (9.9%) | |
| Muscarinic antagonist | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 13 531 (88.9%) | 175 (77.4%) | 13 706 (88.8%) | |
| Past user | 300 (2.0%) | 10 (4.4%) | 310 (2.0%) | |
| Current user | 1383 (9.1%) | 41 (18.1%) | 1424 (9.2%) | |
| NSAID | 0.117 | |||
| Non-user | 13 703 (90.1%) | 198 (87.6%) | 13 901 (90.0%) | |
| Past user | 756 (5.0%) | 10 (4.4%) | 766 (5.0%) | |
| Current user | 755 (5.0%) | 18 (8.0%) | 773 (5.0%) | |
| Vitamin D | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 12 542 (82.4%) | 139 (61.5%) | 12 681 (82.1%) | |
| Past user | 573 (3.8%) | 18 (8.0%) | 591 (3.8%) | |
| Current user | 2099 (13.8%) | 69 (30.5%) | 2168 (14.0%) | |
| Proton pump inhibitor | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 8332 (54.8%) | 85 (37.6%) | 8417 (54.5%) | |
| Past user | 1167 (7.7%) | 15 (6.6%) | 1182 (7.7%) | |
| Current user | 5715 (37.6%) | 126 (55.8%) | 5841 (37.8%) | |
| Statin | <0.001 | |||
| Non-user | 9128 (60.0%) | 86 (38.1%) | 9214 (59.7%) | |
| Past user | 592 (3.9%) | 16 (7.1%) | 608 (3.9%) | |
| Current user | 5494 (36.1%) | 124 (54.9%) | 5618 (36.4%) | |
| Immunosuppressant | 0.103 | |||
| Non-user | 14 722 (96.8%) | 213 (94.2%) | 14 935 (96.7%) | |
| Past user | 204 (1.3%) | 5 (2.2%) | 209 (1.4%) | |
| Current user | 288 (1.9%) | 8 (3.5%) | 296 (1.9%) | |
Values are n (%), unless otherwise specified.
*Patients with HPB cancer were not included in the non-malignant disease groups.
HPB, hepato–pancreato–biliary; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.