Multilevel logistic regression analysis for factors associated with unmet need for FP among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 (AOR with 95 % CI) | Model 3 (AOR with 95 % CI) | Model 4 (AOR with 95 % CI) |
| Age | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.06) | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.06)* | ||
| Level of women’s education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.91 (0.80 to 0.98) | 0.87 (0.74 to 0.94)* | ||
| Secondary | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.61) | 1.09 (0.73 to 1.64) | ||
| Higher | 0.90 (0.39 to 2.09) | 0.91 (0.39 to 2.11) | ||
| Working status of respondents | ||||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | ||
| working | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.37)* | ||
| Type of media exposed | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.05) | 0.84 (0.69 to 1.02) | ||
| Husbands’ education | ||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.52) | 1.23 (0.97 to 1.33) | ||
| Secondary/above | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.44) | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.38) | ||
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.12) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.11) | ||
| High | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.94) | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.94)* | ||
| Age at marriage | ||||
| <18 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥18 | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.96) | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.96)* | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 1 | 1 | ||
| Protestant | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.36) | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.2) | ||
| Muslim | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.38) | ||
| Others | 1.64 (1.05 to 2.56) | 1.60 (1.03 to 2.50) | ||
| Child death | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.69) | 1.18 (0.84 to 1.68) | ||
| Pregnancy termination | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.75 to 1.17) | 0.94 (0.75 to 1.17) | ||
| Number of alive children | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.25) | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24)* | ||
| Desired number of children | ||||
| <5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥5 | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.15) | ||
| Distance from health facility | ||||
| Big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not big problem | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.98) | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) | ||
| Community women’s education | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.93) | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.89)* | ||
| Community husbands’ education | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 1.17 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) | ||
| Community wealth | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.12) | 0.90 (0.66 to 1.24) | ||
| Community media exposure | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.06) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.98)* | ||
| Random effects and model comparison | ||||
| Community level variance (SE) | 0.35 (0.056) | 0.32 (0.059) | 0.30 (0.053) | 0.29 (0.057) |
| ICC (%) | 9.6 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 |
| Deviance (−2LL) | 7121.163 | 6140.094 | 7078.809 | 6125.343 |
| PCV (%) | Ref | 8.6 | 14.3 | 17.2 |
| MOR | 1.75 | 1.71 | 1.68 | 1.67 |
*P value <0.05.
AOR, adjusted OR; EDHS, Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; FP, family planning; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; LL, log likelihood; MOR, Median Odds Ratio; PCV, proportional change in variance.