Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Study type | WHO region | Geographical setting | Region protected by travel-related measure | Region restricted by travel-related measure | Disease | Intervention category | Outcome type |
| Adekunle 202014 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Island state | Australia | China, Iran, South Korea and Italy | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases |
| Aleta 202015 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Regions within China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Anonymous 200316 | Descriptive | AMR | Non-island state | Vancouver, Toronto, other parts of Canada | All other countries | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high risk persons or cases |
| Anzai 202017 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Multiple countries | China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Arima 202018 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Japan | China | COVID-19 | Entry/exit screening; travel-related quarantine | Detection of high risk persons or cases |
| Arino 200719 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical infectious disease | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases |
| Bajardi 201120 | Inferential | All | Non-island state | All countries | Mexico | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel ban; travel restriction: land | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Banholzer 202021 (preprint) | Inferential | EUR, WPR and AMR | Non-island state | Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada Denmark, France, Finland, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and USA | All other countries | COVID-19 | Border closure | Number or proportion of cases |
| Bolton 201222 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Mongolia | Neighbouring countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases |
| Boyd 201723 | Inferential | WPR | Island state | New Zealand | All other countries | Hypothetical infectious disease | Border closure | Costs |
| Boyd 201824 | Inferential | WPR | Island state | New Zealand | All other countries | Hypothetical infectious disease | Border closure | Costs |
| Caley 200725 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza | Entry/exit screening; travel restriction: air | Detection of high risk persons or cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Chang 202026 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Island state | Taiwan | Different cities in Taiwan | COVID-19 | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Cheng 202027 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Taiwan | China | COVID-19 | Exit/entry screening; travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of cases |
| Chinazzi 202028 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China, all other countries | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Chiyomaru 202029 (preprint) | Inferential | Non-island state | Multiple countries | Multiple countries | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases | |
| Chong 201230 | Inferential | WPR | Quasi-island state | Hong Kong | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel restriction: land, air and maritime | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Chung 201531 | Inferential | Non-island state | Multiple countries | Multiple countries | SARS; 2006 Avian influenza; 2009 Swine influenza H1N1 | Travel restriction: air | Industry impact | |
| Ciofi 200832 | Inferential | EUR | Non-island state | Italy | Italy and all other countries | Influenza | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Clifford 202033 (preprint) | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | All other countries | COVID-19 | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high risk persons or cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Colizza 200734 | Inferential | All | Non-island state | All countries | All countries | Influenza | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Cooper 200635 | Inferential | All | Non-island state | All countries | All countries | Influenza | Travel restriction: air | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Costantino 202036 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Island state | Australia | All other countries | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases; number or proportion of deaths; temporal development of epidemic |
| Cowling 202037 | Inferential | WPR | Quasi-island state | Hong Kong | China, South Korea, Iran, Italy and affected regions in France, Germany, Japan, and Spain, Schengen Area, Macau and Taiwan. | COVID-19 | Travel restriction: air and land; travel ban; travel-related quarantine; border closure | Reproduction number; number or proportion of cases; acceptability |
| Dandekar 202038 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR, EUR and AMR | Island state; quasi-island state | China, Italy, South Korea and USA | All other countries | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Reproduction number |
| de Vlas 200939 | Descriptive | WPR | Non-island state | Regions of China | Regions of China | SARS | Travel-related quarantine | Reproduction number |
| Ediriweera 202040 (preprint) | Inferential | SEAR | Island state | Sri Lanka | All other countries | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures; travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of cases; healthcare resources |
| Eichner 200941 | Inferential | WPR | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | All other countries | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction: air | Probability of epidemic |
| Epstein 200742 | Inferential | All | Non-island state | All countries (focus on USA) | All countries | Influenza | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Fang 202043 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Ferguson 200644 | Inferential | AMR | Island state; quasi-island state | USA and UK | Countries connected by air traffic | Influenza (pandemic) | Border controls; travel restrictios | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Flahault 200645 | Inferential | n.a. | Quasi-island state | 52 international cities and surrounding regions | Cities connected via air traffic | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases |
| Fujita 201146 | Inferential | WPR | Island state | Regions in Japan | USA, Canada and Mexico | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high risk persons or cases |
| Germann 200647 | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | USA | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases | |
| Glass 200648 | Inferential | n.a. | Non-island state | Non-infected region | Non-infected region | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Probability of epidemic |
| Gostic 202049 | Inferential | All | Island state | All countries | All countries | COVID-19 | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high risk persons or cases |
| Gostic 201550 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | SARS; MERS; influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Goubar 200951 | Inferential | EUR | Island state; quasi-island state | Germany and UK | China and Hong Kong | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases |
| Gunaratnam 201452 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Australia | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Hale 201253 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | New Zealand | Initially USA, Canada, Mexico, then all other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Hamidouche 202054 (preprint) | Inferential | AFR | Non-island state | Algeria | All neighbouring and connected (via air) countries | COVID-19 | Border closure; travel ban; travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number |
| He 202055 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Island state; quasi-island state | China, South Korea, Italy and Iran | Italy (Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont and Marche) and China (Zhejiang). | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Hien 201056 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Vietnam | Countries with confirmed cases of 2009 H1N1 | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Hollingsworth 200657 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Countries connected via air traffic | SARS and influenza | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Hossain 202058 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Hou 202059 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number |
| Hsieh 200760 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (endemic) | Travel ban | Reproduction number |
| Hsieh 200661 | Inferential | WPR | Island state | Taiwan | Countries with SARS cases | SARS | Travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of cases |
| Jia 202062 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; other |
| Jiang 202063 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Regions of China | Regions of China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Other |
| Kerneis 200864 | Inferential | n.a. | Non-island state | 52 international cities and surrounding regions | 52 international cities and surrounding regions | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Khan 201365 | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | Other countries | Mexico | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases; other |
| Kim 201766 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical infectious disease | Entry/exit screening | Reproduction number |
| Kong 202067 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 and influenza | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Kraemer 202068 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Kuo 200969 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Taiwan | All affected countries (eg, Mexico, USA and Canada) | Influenza (H1N2 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Lai 202070 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Lam 201171 | Inferential | WPR | Quasi-island state | Hong Kong | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel restriction | Probability of epidemic; temporal development of epidemic |
| Lau 202072 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Lee 201273 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel restriction | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Li 202074 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Lin 202075 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Reproduction number; other |
| Linka 202076 (preprint) | Inferential | EUR | Non-island state | All European countries | All European countries | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Liu 200677 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical infectious disease | Entry/exit screening | Reproduction number |
| Liu 202078 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Liu 2020a79 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Cities outside of Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Malmberg 202080 (preprint) | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical infectious disease | Travel restriction; travel-related quarantine | Probability of epidemic |
| Malone 200981 | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | USA | Asia | Influenza (pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases; number or proportion of cases; number of deaths |
| Mandal 202082 | Inferential | SEAR | Non-island state | India | China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Iran and Italy | COVID-19 | Entry/exit screening | Temporal development of epidemic; number or proportion of cases |
| Marcelino 201283 | Inferential | All | Non-island state | All countries | Mexico city | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction: air | Number or proportion of cases |
| Mbuvha 202084 (preprint) | Inferential | AFR | Non-island state | South Africa | South Africa and the all other countries | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Mondal 202085 (preprint) | Inferential | SEAR | Non-island state | India | India | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases |
| Moriarty 202086 | Inferential | WPR and AMR | Non-island state | Japan, USA, home countries of cruise ship passengers | Home countries of cruise ships | COVID-19 | Travel-related quarantine | Detection of high risk persons or cases |
| Mummert 201387 | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | USA | Mexico | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases |
| Muraduzzaman 201888 | Descriptive | SEAR | Non-island state | Bangladesh | Saudi Arabia | MERS | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Nakata 201589 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical infectious disease | Travel restriction | Reproduction number |
| Nigmatulina 200990 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases |
| Nishiura 200991 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel-related quarantine | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Odendaal 202092 (preprint) | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | USA | China and other affected countries | COVID-19 | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases |
| Pan 202093 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Pan 2020a94 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | China | China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number |
| Pang 200395 | Descriptive | WPR | Non-island state | Beijing | All other countries | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases |
| Pinkas 200396 | Descriptive | EUR | Non-island state | Poland | All other countries | COVID-19 | Entry/exit screening; border closure; travel ban; travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of cases |
| Pitman 200597 | Descriptive | EUR | Quasi-island state | UK | Any of the top 100 sources of international airline passengers | SARS and influenza | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Priest 201398 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | New Zealand | Australia | Influenza (type A and B) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Pullano 202099 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China and European countries | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Probability of epidemic |
| Qiu 2020100 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Quilty 2020101 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Beijing, Chongqing, Hangzhou and Shenzhen | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; probability of epidemic |
| Ray 2020102 | Inferential | SEAR | Non-island state | India | All other countries | COVID-19 | Travel ban | Number or proportion of cases |
| Sakaguchi 2012103 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Japan | Mexico, USA and Canada | Influenza (A H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Samaan 2004104 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Australia | All countries affected by SARS | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Sang 2012105 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Reproduction number; temporal development of epidemic; number or proportion of cases; number or proportion of deaths |
| Scala 2020106 (preprint) | Inferential | EUR | Non-island state | Individual regions of Italy | Individual regions of Italy | COVID-19 | Travel restriction | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Scalia Tomba 2008107 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction/border control | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Shi 2020108 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Song 2020109Wang 2020110 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number |
| St. John 2005111 | Descriptive | AMR | Non-island state | Canada | All other countries | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Su 2020112 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Beijng, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen | Beijng, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Tang 2020113T | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Beijing | Wuhan and other cities in China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Tian 2020114 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Tsuboi 2020115 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Japan | Diamond Princess | COVID-19 | Travel-related quarantine | Number or proportion of quarantined diagnosed |
| Wang 2015116 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical (low-risk patches) | Hypothetical (high-risk patch) | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Reproduction number |
| Wang 2020110 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; number or proportion of deaths |
| Wang 2007117 | Descriptive | WPR | Island state | Taiwan | All SARS-affected regions | SARS | Travel-related quarantine | Detection of high-risk persons or cases diagnosed |
| Wang 2012118 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Different regions in China | Different regions in China | Influenza (pandemic) | Travel restriction | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Wells 2020119 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | All other countries | China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; probability of epidemic |
| Weng 2015120 | Inferential | WPR | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Travel restriction | Number or proportion of cases |
| Wilder-Smith 2003121 | Descriptive | WPR | Non-island state | Singapore | All SARS-affected regions | SARS | Entry/exit screening | Detection of high-risk persons or cases |
| Wood 2007122 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Melbourne and Sydney | Sydney and Darwin | Influenza | Travel restriction: air | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Yang 2020123 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China, particularly Guangdong and Zhjiang provinces | Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Ying 2020124 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Yu 2012125 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | China | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases |
| Yuan 2020126 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China and countries | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Yuan 2020a127 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | China | Wuhan | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Zhang 2012128 | Descriptive | WPR | Non-island state | Beijing | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of screened identified as cases |
| Zhang 2014129 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases; temporal development of epidemic |
| Zhang 2019130 | Inferential | n.a. | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Hypothetical | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening; reductions in human mobility | Temporal development of epidemic |
| Zhang 2020131 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases |
| Zhang 2020a132 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number |
| Zhao 2020133 | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Regions of China | Regions of China | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; reproduction number; temporal development of epidemic |
| Zhou 2020134 (preprint) | Inferential | WPR | Non-island state | Other regions of China | Wuhan and other cities in Hubei | COVID-19 | Multiple travel-related control measures | Number or proportion of cases; number or proportion of deaths |
| Zlojutro 2019135 | Inferential | AMR | Non-island state | USA | All other countries | Influenza (H1N1 2009 pandemic) | Entry/exit screening | Number or proportion of cases; cost; other |
AFR, African region; AMR, region of the Americas; EUR, European region; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SEAR, Southeast Asia region; WPR, Western Pacific Region.