Table 2

Triggers of stress and burnout during COVID-19

AuthorYearEvidence sourceTriggers
StructuralHuman resourcesSymbolicPolitical
Staff and resource adequacyWorkload and compensationJob roles and job securityFemale genderAge/family statusSafetyExperiencePatient care protocolsSocietal expectationsOrganisation culturePublic health guidanceInfrastructurePandemic preparednessSocial isolation
Algunmeeyn202020✓   ✓✓       
AlSulais202021  ✓✓✓✓ ✓     
Cai202022✓✓✓✓    ✓  
DeStefani202023✓✓✓  ✓  
Elbay202024✓ ✓✓✓      ✓
Fargen202025 ✓✓ ✓        
Gao202026✓ ✓✓        
Hoffman202027     ✓    
Kackin202028✓✓✓ ✓  ✓    ✓
Kang202029 ✓       
Karimi202030✓✓  ✓ ✓     ✓
Khalafallah202031 ✓✓          
Lai202032✓✓     
Li202033✓✓✓     
Liu202034✓✓✓✓✓✓   
Martinez-Lopez202035✓   ✓        
Matthewson202036  ✓           
Moorthy202037✓ ✓         ✓
Mosheva202038    ✓        
Hau Ng202039 ✓  ✓  ✓✓    
Nowicki202040    ✓ ✓       
Nyashanu202041✓  ✓ ✓ ✓  ✓✓✓ 
Osama202042     ✓        
Prasad202043  ✓ ✓   ✓     
Rabbani202044✓    ✓        
Rodriguez202045✓ ✓✓  ✓       
Rymarowicz202046    ✓        
Sandesh202047✓✓✓✓✓  ✓     
Shah202048✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓     
Shalhub202049✓✓ ✓ ✓  ✓     
Sharma202050✓✓✓✓ ✓ ✓✓     
Shechter202051✓✓  ✓ ✓     ✓
Si202052  ✓✓        
Sil202053   ✓          
Silczuk202054   ✓          
Smith202055✓  ✓   ✓      
Spiller202056 ✓            
Stojanov202057   ✓✓✓  ✓     
Suryavanshi202058 ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓   ✓
Tan202059✓✓✓  ✓✓       
Temsah202060✓   ✓✓  ✓    
Thomaier202061✓  ✓✓✓ ✓     
Tsan202062 ✓            
Uvais202063   ✓    ✓    ✓
Xiao202064✓ ✓ ✓✓        
Zhang2020a65    ✓        
Zhang2020b66 ✓✓ ✓✓   ✓