Table 2

Clinical risk factors for overall in-hospital mortality using univariate binary logistic regression analysis

Characteristics	OR	95% CI	P value
Age (per 1-year increment)	1.051	1.028 to 1.075	<0.001*
Hypertension	2.288	1.121 to 4.673	0.024*
Chronic kidney disease	2.262	1.195 to 4.274	0.012*
Hypoxia (SpO₂ <95%)	5.181	2.242 to 11.905	<0.001*
Rales/crackles	2.101	1.080 to 4.098	0.029*
Leucocytosis (WBC >10 000/µL)	3.185	1.727 to 5.882	<0.001*
Respiratory acidosis	7.463	3.546 to 15.625	<0.001*
Transaminitis (ALT >3× UNL)	2.538	1.160 to 5.556	0.020*
eGFR (per 1.0 mL/min/1.73 m² increment)†	0.988	0.980 to 0.997	0.011*
D-dimer (>500 ng/mL)‡	–	–	–
Ferritin (>336 ng/mL)	5.376	1.789 to 16.129	0.003*
Lactate dehydrogenase (>200 U/L)	7.634	1.739 to 33.333	0.007*
C reactive protein (>1 mg/dL)‡	–	–	–
Procalcitonin (>0.25 ng/mL)	2.681	1.222 to 5.882	0.014*
Troponin I (>0.03 ng/mL)	3.390	1.751 to 6.536	<0.001*
Opacity/infiltrate on imaging	2.392	1.073 to 5.348	0.033*
Nasal cannula	2.494	1.120 to 5.556	0.025*
High-flow nasal cannula	5.682	2.703 to 11.905	<0.001*
NIPPV	10.638	4.545 to 2.500	<0.001*
Mechanical ventilation	12.195	6.173 to 23.810	<0.001*
ICU admission/transfer	12.500	6.173 to 25.000	<0.001*
ECMO‡	–	–	–
RRT	23.256	6.329 to 83.333	<0.001*
Vasopressor	17.857	8.696 to 37.037	<0.001*
Antibiotics	20.000	2.732 to 142.857	0.003*
Azithromycin	2.294	1.147 to 4.587	0.019*
Hydroxychloroquine	2.710	1.443 to 5.102	0.002*
Steroids	4.444	2.237 to 8.772	<0.001*
Ascorbic acid	2.639	1.370 to 5.076	0.004*
Zinc	3.650	1.898 to 7.042	<0.001*
Tocilizumab	4.525	1.403 to 14.706	0.012*
Convalescent plasma	4.921	2.348 to 10.314	<0.001*
Acute kidney injury	5.435	2.825 to 10.417	<0.001*
ARDS	23.256	11.236 to 50.000	<0.001*
Arrhythmia	3.610	1.645 to 7.937	0.001*
Superimposed bacteraemia	2.625	0.982 to 6.993	0.054

*Statistically significant.
†On admission.
‡Analyses cannot be performed as at least one cell is zero.
ALT, alanine transaminase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; NIPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SpO₂, oxygen saturation; UNL, upper normal limit; WBC, white blood cell.