Overall characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and by hospital discharge outcome
| Total discharged patients, N=3219 | Discharged alive, n=2703 | Died in hospital, n=516 | P value* | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 65.2 (52.6–77.2) | 63.4 (50.7–74.5) | 75.7 (65.3–84.2) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay, median (IQR), days | 6.0 (3.2–10.1) | 5.6 (3.1–9.3) | 8.6 (4.6–13.4) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (% of group) | 0.019 | |||
| Male | 1576 (49.0) | 1299 (48.1) | 277 (53.4) | |
| Female | 1643 (51.0) | 1404 (51.9) | 239 (46.3) | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 1277 (39.7) | 1022 (37.8) | 255 (49.4) | |
| Black | 1713 (53.2) | 1482 (54.8) | 231 (44.7) | |
| Asian | 67 (2.1) | 59 (2.1) | 8 (1.6) | |
| American Indian | 5 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Pacific Islander | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 155 (4.8) | 133 (4.9) | 22 (4.3) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.253 | |||
| Arab or Middle Eastern | 157 (4.9) | 142 (5.3) | 15 (2.9) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 82 (2.5) | 69 (2.6) | 13 (2.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 2776 (86.2) | 2319 (85.8) | 457 (88.6) | |
| Other | 170 (5.3) | 146 (5.4) | 24 (4.7) | |
| Unavailable | 33 (1.0) | 26 (1.0) | 7 (1.4) | |
| Medical condition | ||||
| Diabetes | 1329 (41.3) | 1073 (39.7) | 256 (49.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2386 (74.1) | 1949 (72.1) | 437 (84.7) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 609 (18.9) | 440 (16.3) | 169 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 763 (23.7) | 599 (22.2) | 204 (39.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1299 (40.4) | 929 (34.4) | 300 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 429 (13.3) | 362 (13.4) | 67 (13.0) | 0.803 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 568 (17.6) | 428 (15.8) | 140 (27.1) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30)† | 1642 (51.0) | 1405 (52.0) | 237 (45.9) | 0.036 |
| Smoking‡ | 133 (4.1) | 115 (4.3) | 18 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Health insurance payor | <0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 1808 (56.2) | 1393 (51.5) | 415 (80.4) | |
| Medicaid | 460 (14.3) | 429 (15.9) | 31 (6.0) | |
| Commercial | 897 (27.9) | 836 (30.9) | 61 (11.8) | |
| Military | 7 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Exchange | 41 (1.3) | 37 (1.4) | 4 (0.8) | |
| Unknown | 6 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.6) | |
| Home medication | ||||
| Aspirin | 1354 (42.1) | 1054 (39.0) | 300 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 940 (29.2) | 757 (28.0) | 183 (35.5) | 0.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 676 (21.0) | 533 (19.7) | 143 (27.7) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 688 (21.4) | 565 (20.9) | 123 (23.8) | 0.136 |
| Insulin | 490 (15.2) | 377 (14.0) | 113 (21.9) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 230 (7.1) | 173 (6.4) | 57 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| NOAC | 347 (10.8) | 271 (10.0) | 76 (14.7) | 0.002 |
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 472 (14.7) | 367 (13.6) | 105 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| LABA | 318 (9.9) | 240 (8.9) | 78 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| LAMA | 197 (6.1) | 150 (5.6) | 47 (9.1) | 0.002 |
| Hospital medication | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2496 (77.5) | 2061 (76.3) | 435 (84.3) | <0.001 |
| Azithromycin | 2463 (76.5) | 2046 (75.7) | 417 (80.8) | 0.012 |
| Prophylactic heparin | 2547 (79.1) | 2136 (79.0) | 411 (79.7) | 0.748 |
| Therapeutic heparin | 1257 (39.0) | 916 (33.9) | 341 (67.0) | <0.001 |
| Tocilizumab | 30 (0.9) | 18 (0.7) | 12 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Remdesivir | 8 (0.2) | 7 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.785 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1631 (50.7) | 1265 (46.8) | 366 (70.9) | <0.001 |
| NOAC | 340 (10.6) | 291 (10.8) | 49 (9.5) | 0.390 |
| Zinc | 1596 (49.6) | 1340 (49.6) | 256 (49.6) | 0.987 |
| Vitamin C | 794 (24.7) | 637 (23.6) | 157 (30.4) | 0.001 |
| Oxygen therapy | ||||
| High-flow oxygen | 848 (26.3) | 534 (19.8) | 314 (60.9) | <0.001 |
| BiPAP | 125 (3.9) | 73 (2.7) | 52 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| CPAP | 93 (2.9) | 59 (2.2) | 34 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Non-rebreather mask | 867 (26.9) | 537 (19.9) | 330 (64.0) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 571 (17.7) | 255 (9.4) | 316 (61.2) | <0.001 |
*P value for the difference between discharged alive and died in the hospital groups.
†BMI data available for 3135 patients.
‡Smoking data available for 2517 patients.
BiPAP, bilevel positive airway pressure; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared); CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; LABA, long-acting beta agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; NOAC, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulation.