Table 1

Baseline characteristics

	Lead (cohort A)
	No exposure (n=33 779)		P value	Exposure (n=1035)		P value
	Non diabetes (n=32 778)	Diabetes (n=1001)	P value	Non diabetes (n=1002)	Diabetes (n=33)	P value
Age	34.99±7.99	37.96±8.16	<0.001	32.18±8.36	34.19±7.92	0.174
HbA1c (%)	5.32±0.30	5.76±0.59	<0.001	5.33±0.29	5.88±0.81	<0.001
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)	89.98±8.65	103.49±18.90	<0.001	91.37±9.11	114.36±32.71	<0.001
Ferritin (ng/mL)	145.71±93.76	165.55±119.90	<0.001	152.51±99.86	139.77±89.57	0.470
Smoking (n=3.727)			<0.001			0.511
Never smoker	9716	212		367	8
Ex-smoker	6210	173		183	8
Current smoker	12 958	460		416	46
Alcohol (n=34 814)			0.003			0.620
No	3515	137		30	0
Yes	29 263	864		972	33
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.04±3.03	25.89±3.54	<0.001	24.04±3.17	26.04±2.87	<0.001
Lead concentration (mg/dL)	–	–	–	2.81±2.03	3.94±2.92	0.002
Follow-up duration (year)	5.65±3.48	5.09±3.67	<0.001	4.78±2.77	3.18±3.63	0.001

	Cadmium (cohort B)
	No exposure (n=34 614)		P value	Exposure (n=200)		P value
	Non diabetes (n=33 591)	Diabetes (n=1023)	P value	Non diabetes (n=189)	Diabetes (n=11)	P value
Age	34.91±8.02	37.84±8.19	<0.001	34.77±8.28	38.04±7.22	0.203
HbA1c (%)	5.32±0.30	5.76±0.60	<0.001	5.31±0.31	5.65±0.89	0.002
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)	90.01±8.66	103.83±19.55	<0.001	91.52±9.43	104.00±22.05	<0.001
Ferritin (ng/mL)	146.03±94.00	165.27±119.32	<0.001	124.24±81.76	113.93±85.87	0.686
Smoking (n=3.727)			<0.001			0.033
Never smoker	10 002	219		81	1
Ex-smoker	6359	177		34	4
Current smoker	13 308	470		66	6
Alcohol (n=34 814)			0.004			>0.999
No	3540	137		5	0
Yes	30 051	886		184	11
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.04±3.04	25.88±3.53	<0.001	24.00±3.20	26.78±2.67	0.005
Cadmium concentration (mg/dL)	–	–	–	0.20±0.26	0.17±0.11	0.731
Follow-up duration (year)	5.61±3.46	5.02±3.67	<0.001	6.96±3.77	5.45±4.76	0.207

HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c.