Comparison of the patients hospitalised to ICU concerning the COVID-19 outcomes: comorbidities, the result of physical examination on admission, laboratory findings on admission and deterioration (eg, peak or minimal values), ethnicity and disease course features
| All patients | ICU patients | Missing values, count | |||||||
| Total n1=560 | Not admitted to ICU n2=488 (87.14%) | Admitted to ICU n3=72 (12.86%) | P2-3 | Dead n4=15 (20.83%) | Discharged n5=57 (79.17%) | P4-5 | |||
| Age | 39.0 (33.0–49.0) | 38.0±11.97 | 51.0±13.08 | <0.0001 | 46.0±12.56 | 62.0±11.01 | <0.0018 | ||
| Gender | Female | 189 (33.75%) | 175 (35.86%) | 14 (19.44%) | <0.0072 | 8 (14.04%) | 6 (40.0%) | 0.06 | |
| Male | 371 (66.25%) | 313 (64.14%) | 58 (80.56%) | 49 (85.96%) | 9 (60.0%) | ||||
| Comorbidities | Count | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0±1.04 | 1.0±1.22 | <0.0002 | 1.0±1.15 | 0.0±1.45 | 0.4072 | |
| Current smoking | 36 (6.43%) | 34 (6.97%) | 2 (2.78%) | 0.2984 | 2 (3.51%) | ||||
| Chronic cardiac disease | 20 (3.57%) | 15 (3.07%) | 5 (6.94%) | 0.1611 | 4 (7.02%) | 1 (6.67%) | |||
| Hypertension | 115 (20.54%) | 92 (18.85%) | 23 (31.94%) | <0.018 | 18 (31.58%) | 5 (33.33%) | 1 | ||
| Asthma | 38 (6.79%) | 31 (6.35%) | 7 (9.72%) | 0.3121 | 6 (10.53%) | 1 (6.67%) | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (1.25%) | 5 (1.02%) | 2 (2.78%) | 1 (1.75%) | 1 (6.67%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 98 (17.5%) | 71 (14.55%) | 27 (37.5%) | <0.0001 | 21 (36.84%) | 6 (40.0%) | 1 | ||
| Active malignant cancer | 6 (1.07%) | 4 (0.82%) | 2 (2.78%) | 1 (1.75%) | 1 (6.67%) | ||||
| BMI | adm | 27.0 (23.92–30.44) | 26.84±5.44 | 28.0±4.54 | <0.01 | 27.82±4.7 | 31.14±0.48 | 0.2575 | 278 |
| Body temperature, °C | adm | 37.0 (37.0–37.9) | 37.0±0.63 | 38.0±0.97 | <0.0001 | 38.0±0.97 | 38.0±0.98 | 0.3925 | |
| Heart rate, bmp | adm | 85.0 (78.0–95.0) | 84.5±12.32 | 94.5±19.97 | <0.0001 | 95.0±20.93 | 85.0±15.3 | 0.1589 | |
| SBP | adm | 124.0 (114.0–135.0) | 123.0±16.51 | 126.0±17.31 | 0.2092 | 129.0±16.29 | 120.0±20.58 | 0.2122 | |
| DBP | adm | 78.0 (70.0–84.0) | 78.0±10.92 | 75.0±10.1 | <0.0208 | 75.0±9.46 | 75.0±12.05 | 0.4254 | |
| RR/min | adm | 18.0 (18.0–18.0) | 18.0±1.56 | 25.0±6.74 | <0.0001 | 24.0±6.95 | 28.0±5.62 | 0.1336 | |
| SOFA score | adm | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0±0.75 | 3.0±2.85 | <0.0001 | 3.0±2.42 | 4.0±3.69 | <0.0275 | 4 |
| WBC, ×109/L | adm | 5.8 (4.5–7.2) | 5.65±2.68 | 7.35±5.21 | <0.0001 | 7.4±5.34 | 7.0±4.68 | 0.3801 | 3 |
| min | 5.5 (4.1–7.2) | 5.5±7.72 | 7.0±6.68 | <0.0008 | 7.2±6.93 | 5.5±5.38 | 0.0775 | 3 | |
| Platelet, ×109/L | adm | 224.0 (180.25–272.0) | 224.5±78.42 | 222.0±82.13 | 0.4102 | 225.0±86.02 | 196.0±57.76 | 0.0516 | 2 |
| min | 224.0 (178.0–272.0) | 226.0±79.7 | 197.0±123.27 | <0.0049 | 202.0±116.33 | 102.0±84.42 | <0.0001 | 22 | |
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L | adm | 1.56 (1.06–2.1) | 1.66±0.76 | 0.81±2.97 | <0.0001 | 0.83±3.32 | 0.73±0.64 | 0.4806 | 3 |
| min | 1.49 (0.89–2.09) | 1.6±0.8 | 0.49±3.64 | <0.0001 | 0.5±4.07 | 0.38±0.62 | 0.1412 | 3 | |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | adm | 9.0 (6.0–12.6) | 8.6±5.24 | 11.0±9.17 | <0.0001 | 11.0±8.6 | 13.0±11.03 | 0.4094 | 11 |
| peak | 9.85 (6.5–14.38) | 9.0±6.55 | 16.3±37.25 | <0.0001 | 16.0±17.77 | 25.0±68.93 | 0.1412 | 10 | |
| ALT, U/L | adm | 28.0 (17.25–47.75) | 27.0±34.84 | 39.0±38.04 | <0.0001 | 39.0±39.5 | 41.0±31.76 | 0.4889 | 10 |
| peak | 32.0 (19.0–67.75) | 28.5±50.05 | 102.5±7266.58 | <0.0001 | 99.0±114.51 | 289.0±15 305.74 | <0.0495 | 10 | |
| AST, U/L | adm | 24.0 (18.0–36.22) | 23.0±24.3 | 47.0±30.9 | <0.0001 | 46.0±30.35 | 63.0±32.56 | 0.3722 | 10 |
| peak | 25.5 (19.0–44.0) | 24.0±29.8 | 82.5±914.01 | <0.0001 | 79.0±69.77 | 200.0±1715.26 | <0.0009 | 10 | |
| D-dimer, mg/L | adm | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3±0.72 | 1.15±3.13 | <0.0001 | 1.1±2.96 | 1.4±3.62 | 0.1638 | 86 |
| peak | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.3±0.73 | 2.6±7.56 | <0.0001 | 1.6±6.37 | 18.0±7.12 | <0.0001 | 86 | |
| aPTT, s | adm | 37.4 (35.0–41.05) | 37.2±4.65 | 40.0±23.0 | <0.0014 | 39.0±19.65 | 41.0±31.76 | 0.14 | 73 73 |
| peak | 38.0 (35.15–42.35) | 37.4±5.14 | 47.0±44.56 | <0.0001 | 45.0±38.41 | 63.0±54.06 | <0.0005 | ||
| Creatinine, μmol/L | adm | 76.1 (67.0–89.0) | 75.4±27.52 | 80.5±54.62 | 0.0767 | 81.0±50.84 | 76.0±66.53 | 0.4448 | 6 6 |
| peak | 78.0 (67.78–91.0) | 76.2±27.74 | 86.5±98.51 | <0.0001 | 83.0±69.12 | 196.0±130.29 | <0.0003 | ||
| CK, U/L | adm | 106.0 (66.0–173.0) | 99.0±529.25 | 173.0±1168.65 | <0.0001 | 174.0±1278.56 | 152.0±561.74 | 0.2269 | 126 |
| peak | 109.5 (66.75–199.75) | 100.0±536.11 | 391.0±10 621.26 | <0.0001 | 391.0±11 963.38 | 370.0±563.66 | 0.4855 | 125 | |
| CRP, mg/L | adm | 5.8 (1.75–27.0) | 4.2±32.27 | 101.0±105.14 | <0.0001 | 102.0±102.19 | 100.0±115.53 | 0.4367 | 5 5 |
| peak | 6.5 (1.9–50.65) | 4.8±45.93 | 157.5±113.35 | <0.0001 | 143.0±108.72 | 219.0±115.19 | <0.0191 | ||
| LDH, U/L | adm | 192.0 (159.0–264.0) | 181.0±80.08 | 445.0±267.95 | <0.0001 | 432.5±284.01 | 480.0±199.68 | 0.2706 | 95 |
| peak | 194.0 (160.0–280.0) | 182.0±83.76 | 538.0±1232.13 | <0.0001 | 490.5±302.93 | 1925.0±2039.83 | <0.0001 | 95 | |
| Troponin, ng/mL | adm | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0±0.15 | 0.0±1.31 | <0.0001 | 0.0±0.04 | 0.0±2.73 | 0.0598 | 135 |
| peak | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0±0.18 | 0.04±1.85 | <0.0001 | 0.0±0.26 | 0.36±3.66 | <0.0001 | 135 | |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | adm | 216.7 (84.5–475.5) | 181.95±876.92 | 725.0±2282.55 | <0.0001 | 882.0±2480.17 | 612.0±1214.49 | 0.3036 | 53 |
| peak | 230.0 (89.95–595.5) | 196.5±1530.13 | 2258.0±9784.72 | <0.0001 | 2063.5±4781.9 | 4669.0±15 029.77 | <0.0014 | 53 | |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | adm | 396.0 (330.0–529.5) | 377.0±187.31 | 610.0±199.71 | <0.0001 | 612.0±204.96 | 567.0±179.01 | 0.3104 | 153 |
| peak | 405.0 (331.25–554.0) | 380.0±130.61 | 700.0±735.07 | <0.0001 | 701.0±816.38 | 692.0±252.63 | 0.1613 | 153 | |
| Clinical severity | asymp/mild | 431 (76.96%) | 431 (88.32%)* | 0 (0.0%)* | <0.0001 | ||||
| severe | 83 (14.82%) | 54 (11.07%)* | 29 (40.28%)* | 29 (50.88%)* | 0 (0.0%)* | <0.0002 | |||
| critical | 46 (8.21%) | 3 (0.61%)* | 43 (59.72%)* | 28 (49.12%)* | 15 (100.0%)* | ||||
| Ethnicity | White | 60 (10.71%) | 53 (10.86%) | 7 (9.72%) | 7 (12.28%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| S.Asians | 244 (43.57%) | 206 (42.21%) | 38 (52.78%) | 28 (49.12%) | 10 (66.67%) | ||||
| M.Easterns | 148 (26.43%) | 136 (27.87%)* | 12 (16.67%)* | 0.1102 | 7 (12.28%) | 5 (33.33%) | <0.0219 | ||
| E.Asians | 94 (16.79%) | 79 (16.19%) | 15 (20.83%) | 15 (26.32%)* | 0 (0.0%)* | ||||
| Others | 14 (2.5%) | 14 (2.87%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||||
| Onset to hospitalisation days | 14.0 (8.0–19.0) | 12.0±7.07 | 22.0±16.5 | <0.0001 | 21.0±17.72 | 27.5±10.25 | 0.1336 | 72 | |
| Onset to positive PCR days | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0±3.89 | 5.0±4.97 | <0.0001 | 5.0±5.01 | 4.0±4.79 | 0.3425 | 72 | |
| High-risk group patients | 41 (7.32%) | 3 (0.61%) | 38 (52.78%) | <0.0001 | 24 (42.11%) | 14 (93.33%) | <0.0003 | ||
| Discharged alive | 545 (97.32%) | 488 (100.0%) | 57 (79.17%) | <0.0001 | 57 (100.0%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Length of stay in clinics | 7.0 (3.0–12.25) | 6.0±8.25 | 16.0±16.08 | <0.0001 | 16.0±17.34 | 23.0±9.97 | 0.1521 | 94 | |
| Duration of viral shedding, days | 10.0 (6.0–14.0) | 10.5±5.64 | 8.0±9.04 | 0.0714 | 8.0±9.05 | 13.0±8.65 | 0.1304 | 28 | |
| Need for supplementary O2 | 82 (14.64%) | 23 (4.71%) | 59 (81.94%) | <0.0001 | 46 (80.7%) | 13 (86.67%) | 0.7229 | ||
| Any complication | 123 (21.96%) | 53 (10.86%) | 70 (97.22%) | <0.0001 | 55 (96.49%) | 15 (100.0%) | 1 | ||
| ARDS | 76 (13.57%) | 7 (1.43%) | 69 (95.83%) | <0.0001 | 54 (94.74%) | 15 (100.0%) | 1 | ||
| Liver dysfunction | 54 (9.64%) | 23 (4.71%) | 31 (43.06%) | <0.0001 | 23 (40.35%) | 8 (53.33%) | 0.3944 | ||
adm, data on admission; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase ; asymp, asymptomatic; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CK, creatine kinase; CRP, C reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; min, the minimal levels; peak, the peak levels; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; WBC, white blood cell.