Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics by participant’s multimorbidity status
| Multimorbidity* | |||
| No N=678 (85.4%) | Yes N=116 (14.6%) | P value | |
| Age (mean, SD) | 69.87 (8.8) | 70.29 (7.7) | 0.627 |
| Age (years, %) | |||
| 60–69 | 381 (86.5) | 59 (13.4) | 0.235 |
| 70–79 | 193 (82.1) | 42 (17.8) | |
| ≥80 | 104 (87.3) | 15 (12.6) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 350 (87.5) | 50 (12.5) | 0.090 |
| Female | 328 (83.2) | 66 (16.7) | |
| Study district | |||
| Morang | 351 (86.8) | 53 (13.1) | 0.220 |
| Sunsari | 327 (83.8) | 63 (16.1) | |
| Religion | |||
| Hinduism | 529 (84.6) | 96 (15.3) | 0.046 |
| Buddhism | 19 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Islam | 105 (84.0) | 20 (16.0) | |
| Christianity | 25 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Brahmin/Chettri/Thakuri | 62 (89.8) | 7 (10.1) | 0.706 |
| Aadiwasi/Janjatis | 255 (85.5) | 43 (14.4) | |
| Dalit | 132 (84.0) | 25 (15.9) | |
| Madhesi and other ethnic groups | 229 (84.8) | 41 (15.1) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 365 (85.8) | 60 (14.1) | 0.674 |
| Others† | 313 (84.8) | 56 (15.1) | |
| Education status | |||
| Without formal education | 538 (84.5) | 98 (15.4) | 0.201 |
| With formal education/schooling | 140 (88.6) | 18 (11.3) | |
| Past occupation | |||
| Employed | 327 (89.8) | 37 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 351 (81.6) | 79 (18.3) | |
| Family monthly income | |||
| <US$49 | 331 (86.8) | 50 (13.1) | 0.453 |
| US$49–88 | 120 (82.7) | 25 (17.2) | |
| >US$88 | 227 (84.7) | 41 (15.3) | |
| History of smoking | |||
| No | 257 (85.6) | 43 (14.3) | 0.864 |
| Yes | 421 (85.2) | 73 (14.7) | |
| History of tobacco use | |||
| No | 354 (86.1) | 57 (13.8) | 0.540 |
| Yes | 324 (84.6) | 59 (15.4) | |
| History of alcohol drinking | |||
| No | 419 (83.1) | 85 (16.8) | 0.018 |
| Yes | 259 (89.3) | 31 (10.6) | |
| Physical activity | |||
| Inactive | 500 (81.7) | 112 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Active | 178 (97.8) | 4 (2.2) | |
Significant p values are bolded.
*At least two chronic conditions (osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were prevalent.
†Others denotes widowed/divorced/separated/unmarried.