Pregnancy outcomes | Model A | Model B | Model C | |||
cRR (95% CI) | P value | aRR (95% CI) | P value | aRR (95% CI) | P value | |
Adverse maternal outcomes | ||||||
Gestational diabetes* | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | 0.556 | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.05) | 0.460 | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.136 |
Gestational hypertension* | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 0.889 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 0.920 | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.14) | 0.627 |
Premature rupture of membranes* | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17) | 0.007 | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.17) | 0.006 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | 0.003 |
Caesarean section* | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 0.040 | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 0.055 | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 0.057 |
Adverse foetal outcomes | ||||||
Stillbirth | 1.00 (1.00 to 100) | 0.427 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.382 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.387 |
Foetal distress* | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.27) | 0.059 | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.27) | 0.061 | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.29) | 0.028 |
Preterm birth* | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.07) | 0.184 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.05) | 0.135 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.08) | 0.190 |
Low birth weight* | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.28) | 0.951 | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.28) | 0.954 | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.30) | 0.983 |
Macrosomia* | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.17) | 0.925 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.19) | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.19) | 0.975 |
Model A: a univariate model without controlling for any confounding factors.
Model B: controls for demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, occupation and education).
Model C: based on model B, supplemented to control for gravidity, parity, history of miscarriage, history of induced abortion, pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, family history of chronic disease and the number of prenatal visits.
*These pregnancy outcomes were all based on the data from 7694 live births.
aRR, adjusted risk ratio; BMI, body mass index; cRR, crude risk ratio.