Baseline characteristics and outcomes for patients, including demographics, co-morbidities, admission vital signs and laboratory blood tests, stratified by diagnosis and SARS- CoV-2 RT-PCR status
| Not diagnosed with COVID | All COVID diagnoses | P value | COVID diagnosis PCR negative | COVID diagnosis PCR positive | P value | ||
| n=2215 | n=1793 | n=283 | n=1391 | ||||
| Age at admission, median years (IQR) | 71 (51, 82) (n=2215) | 69 (56, 81) (n=1793) | 0.44 | 70 (54, 79) (n=283) | 70 (57, 81) (n=1391) | 0.27 | |
| Age 65 years or older | 1266 (57.2%) | 1005 (56.1%) | 0.48 | 154 (54.4%) | 800 (57.5%) | 0.34 | |
| Sex | Female | 1021 (46.1%) | 651 (36.3%) | <0.0001 | 112 (39.6%) | 498 (35.8%) | 0.23 |
| Male | 1193 (53.9%) | 1142 (63.7%) | 171 (60.4%) | 893 (64.2%) | |||
| Ethnicity | South Asian | 486 (21.9%) | 447 (24.9%) | <0.0001 | 57 (20.1%) | 362 (26.0%) | 0.15 |
| Asian Other | 174 (7.9%) | 211 (11.8%) | 30 (10.6%) | 162 (11.6%) | |||
| Black African or Caribbean | 212 (9.6%) | 224 (12.5%) | 33 (11.7%) | 181 (13.0%) | |||
| Mixed ethnicity | 6 (0.3%) | 10 (0.6%) | 2 (0.7%) | 8 (0.6%) | |||
| Unknown | 330 (14.9%) | 318 (17.7%) | 53 (18.7%) | 233 (16.8%) | |||
| White European | 890 (40.2%) | 458 (25.5%) | 81 (28.6%) | 361 (26.0%) | |||
| Other | 117 (5.3%) | 125 (7.0%) | 27 (9.5%) | 84 (6.0%) | |||
| Index of multiple deprivation decile, median (IQR) | 5 (3, 7) (n=2105) | 5 (3, 6) (n=1743) | 0.048 | 4 (3, 6) (n=277) | 5 (3, 6) (n=1366) | 0.043 | |
| Diabetes | 563 (25.7%) | 599 (33.6%) | <0.0001 | 81 (28.9%) | 482 (34.8%) | 0.059 | |
| Hypertension | 825 (37.7%) | 739 (41.5%) | 0.015 | 110 (39.3%) | 590 (42.6%) | 0.31 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 413 (18.9%) | 309 (17.3%) | 0.21 | 44 (15.7%) | 247 (17.8%) | 0.40 | |
| Heart failure | 156 (7.1%) | 70 (3.9%) | <0.0001 | 14 (5.0%) | 53 (3.8%) | 0.36 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 185 (8.5%) | 112 (6.3%) | 0.010 | 21 (7.5%) | 88 (6.3%) | 0.48 | |
| Asthma | 200 (9.1%) | 165 (9.3%) | 0.89 | 19 (6.8%) | 133 (9.6%) | 0.14 | |
| Cancer | 169 (7.7%) | 78 (4.4%) | <0.0001 | 11 (3.9%) | 65 (4.7%) | 0.58 | |
| HIV | 21 (1.0%) | 14 (0.8%) | 0.56 | 3 (1.1%) | 11 (0.8%) | 0.64 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 110 (5.0%) | 96 (5.4%) | 0.61 | 15 (5.4%) | 75 (5.4%) | 0.97 | |
| Dementia | 156 (7.1%) | 188 (10.5%) | <0.0001 | 29 (10.4%) | 153 (11.0%) | 0.74 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 263 (12.0%) | 233 (13.1%) | 0.31 | 33 (11.8%) | 182 (13.1%) | 0.54 | |
| Cough | 537 (24.5%) | 1114 (62.5%) | <0.0001 | 177 (63.2%) | 865 (62.4%) | 0.80 | |
| Shortness of breath | 687 (31.4%) | 1171 (65.7%) | <0.0001 | 203 (72.5%) | 886 (63.9%) | 0.006 | |
| Fever | 547 (25.0%) | 1117 (62.7%) | <0.0001 | 184 (65.7%) | 860 (62.0%) | 0.25 | |
| Confusion | 241 (11.0%) | 195 (10.9%) | 0.95 | 30 (10.7%) | 153 (11.0%) | 0.87 | |
| Symptom duration (days), median (IQR) | 4 (2, 12) (n=592) | 7 (3, 10) (n=1083) | 0.010 | 7 (3, 12) (n=163) | 6 (3, 10) (n=844) | 0.021 | |
| Observations | |||||||
| Pulse >120 bpm | 203 (10.3%) | 241 (14.3%) | <0.0001 | 41 (15.4%) | 177 (13.4%) | 0.39 | |
| Respiratory rate >30 per minute | 175 (8.9%) | 568 (33.6%) | <0.0001 | 90 (33.8%) | 439 (33.3%) | 0.87 | |
| Temperature >38°C | 180 (9.2%) | 605 (35.9%) | <0.0001 | 72 (27.0%) | 495 (37.7%) | <0.001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg | 108 (5.5%) | 101 (6.1%) | 0.51 | 16 (6.1%) | 78 (6.0%) | 0.97 | |
| Consciousness level | Alert | 646 (95.1%) | 596 (96.0%) | 0.93 | 101 (97.1%) | 449 (95.5%) | 0.47 |
| Confusion | 13 (1.9%) | 11 (1.8%) | 3 (2.9%) | 8 (1.7%) | |||
| Verbal | 8 (1.2%) | 5 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.9%) | |||
| Pain | 5 (0.7%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.6%) | |||
| Unresponsive | 7 (1.0%) | 6 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (1.3%) | |||
| O2 saturations<94% | 198 (10.1%) | 543 (32.2%) | <0.0001 | 79 (29.8%) | 430 (32.6%) | 0.37 | |
| NEWS 2 Score, median (IQR) | 2 (1, 4) (n=1951) | 6 (3, 8) (n=1666) | <0.0001 | 6 (4, 7) (n=264) | 6 (3, 8) (n=1299) | 0.73 | |
| NEWS 2 Score ≥5 | 477 (24.4%) | 1084 (65.1%) | <0.0001 | 176 (66.7%) | 840 (64.7%) | 0.53 | |
| Supplementary oxygen | 169 (8.8%) | 529 (33.1%) | <0.0001 | 96 (37.9%) | 404 (32.4%) | 0.091 | |
| PO2 <8 mm Hg | 127 (35.4%) | 251 (36.2%) | 0.79 | 34 (27.9%) | 205 (38.7%) | 0.025 | |
| PCO2 >6 mm Hg | 124 (34.5%) | 75 (10.8%) | <0.0001 | 12 (9.8%) | 59 (11.1%) | 0.68 | |
| Neutrophils>10×109/L | 361 (17.8%) | 250 (15.6%) | 0.083 | 52 (19.0%) | 183 (14.7%) | 0.078 | |
| Lymphocytes <1 x109/L | 509 (25.1%) | 736 (46.1%) | <0.0001 | 107 (39.1%) | 594 (47.8%) | 0.009 | |
| Platelet count x109/L, median (IQR) | 246.0 (193.0, 317.0) (n=2025) | 231.0 (177.0, 306.0) (n=1597) | <0.0001 | 263.0 (206.0, 343.0) (n=274) | 226.0 (172.0, 297.0) (n=1242) | <0.0001 | |
| Creatinine >120 mmol/L | 507 (25.2%) | 426 (26.9%) | 0.24 | 64 (23.8%) | 338 (27.4%) | 0.23 | |
| CRP μg/mL, median (IQR) | 16.1 (3.4, 66.9) (n=1928) | 98.7 (46.0, 175.3) (n=1590) | <0.0001 | 86.2 (41.7, 170.1) (n=272) | 101.5 (48.3, 180.2) (n=1237) | 0.15 | |
| Influenza RT-PCR | Influenza A | 11 (2.3%) (n=490) | 1 (0.2%) (n=528) | <0.0001 | 0 (n=72) | 1 (0.2%) (n=445) | 0.31 |
| Influenza B | 9 (1.9%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | |||
| Admitted to ICU | 21 (1.0%) | 227 (12.7%) | <0.0001 | 22 (7.8%) | 192 (13.8%) | 0.006 | |
| Died during hospital admission | 142 (6.4%) (n=2202) | 482 (26.9%) (n=1789) | <0.0001 | 47 (16.6%) | 408 (29.3%) (n=1387) | <0.0001 | |
Data on co-morbidities represent number with each condition. Where data are missing, total numbers in each category are presented in brackets. P values are calculated using Χ2 for proportions, t-tests for means and Wilcoxon rank sum for medians.
CRP, C reactive protein; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, inter quartile range; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen.