Model 1: individual-level characteristics | Model 2: individual-level and state-level characteristics | |||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
ID severity (Ref: Severe/profound) | ||||
Mild/moderate | 0.40*** | 0.30 to 0.53 | 0.40*** | 0.30 to 0.53 |
Unspecified | 0.61*** | 0.56 to 0.67 | 0.61*** | 0.56 to 0.66 |
Age (Ref: 18–29) | ||||
30–39 | 0.87 | 0.72 to 1.05 | 0.87 | 0.72 to 1.05 |
40–49 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.13 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.12 |
50–59 | 0.95 | 0.81 to 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.11 |
60–69 | 0.81* | 0.69 to 0.95 | 0.81* | 0.69 to 0.95 |
70–79 | 0.81* | 0.68 to 0.96 | 0.81* | 0.68 to 0.96 |
80–104 | 0.83* | 0.68 to 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.68 to 1.00 |
Female | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.96 to 1.10 |
Race-ethnicity (Ref: Non-Hispanic White) | ||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.07 | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.07 |
Hispanic | 1.20* | 1.03 to 1.40 | 1.20* | 1.03 to 1.40 |
Non-Hispanic other | 0.76 | 0.58 to 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.57 to 1.00 |
Place of death (Ref: Hospital inpatient) | ||||
Hospital outpatient/ER/DOA | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.16 | 1.02 | 0.90 to 1.16 |
Home | 0.90 | 0.81 to 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.81 to 1.01 |
Nursing home | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.17 |
Other/unknown | 1.00 | 0.87 to 1.14 | 0.99 | 0.87 to 1.14 |
Education (Ref: 0–8 years) | ||||
9+ years | 0.86** | 0.79 to 0.94 | 0.86** | 0.78 to 0.94 |
Missing | 0.92 | 0.83 to 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.83 to 1.01 |
Number of comorbidities (1–15) | 0.63*** | 0.61 to 0.65 | 0.63*** | 0.61 to 0.65 |
Autopsy (Ref: No) | ||||
Yes | 0.92 | 0.80 to 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.78 to 1.07 |
Unknown | 1.24** | 1.08 to 1.43 | 1.24** | 1.07 to 1.42 |
Heart disease | 0.95 | 0.88 to 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.88 to 1.03 |
Influenza/pneumonia | 1.25*** | 1.13 to 1.37 | 1.25*** | 1.13 to 1.37 |
Pneumonitis | 1.27*** | 1.15 to 1.40 | 1.27*** | 1.16 to 1.40 |
Genitourinary diseases | 0.81** | 0.72 to 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.91 to 1.17 |
Diabetes | 0.75*** | 0.64 to 0.88 | 0.75*** | 0.64 to 0.88 |
Choking | 14.65*** | 12.94 to 16.56 | 14.64*** | 12.94 to 16.58 |
Alzheimer’s/dementia | 0.33*** | 0.28 to 0.40 | 0.33*** | 0.28 to 0.40 |
Malignant neoplasms | 0.13*** | 0.10 to 0.17 | 0.13*** | 0.10 to 0.17 |
Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 0.54*** | 0.45 to 0.65 | 0.54*** | 0.45 to 0.65 |
Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.28*** | 0.22 to 0.35 | 0.28*** | 0.22 to 0.35 |
Unspecified (R-code) | 2.81*** | 2.60 to 3.03 | 2.81*** | 2.60 to 3.03 |
Cerebral palsy | 0.18*** | 0.15 to 0.21 | 0.18*** | 0.15 to 0.21 |
Down syndrome | 0.32*** | 0.25 to 0.40 | 0.32*** | 0.25 to 0.40 |
Fiscal support | 0.97 | 0.93 to 1.01 | ||
Certifier (Ref: Medical examiner) | ||||
Physician | 1.02 | 0.85 to 1.23 | ||
Coroner | 0.97 | 0.67 to 1.39 | ||
Medical examiner or coroner | 1.09 | 0.84 to 1.41 | ||
Physician extender | 1.04 | 0.83 to 1.29 | ||
Unknown | 1.07 | 0.88 to 1.32 | ||
Year of death | 1.04*** | 1.03 to 1.05 | 1.04*** | 1.03 to 1.05 |
Intercept | 2.06 | 1.66 to 2.55 | 2.27*** | 1.64 to 3.14 |
State intercept | 0.21 | 0.16 to 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.15 to 0.28 |
Likelihood ratio test | 80.35 | 52.47 | ||
Akaike information criterion (AIC) | 21 266.38 | 21 275.23 |
*** p <. 0.001; **p < .01; * p<.05
DOA, dead on arrival; ER, emergency room; ID, intellectual disability.