Comparison of clinical characteristics in men and women
| Characteristic | All (n=3001) | Men (n=1151) | Women (n=1850) | P value |
| Age (SD), years | 62.4 (11.5) | 60.7 (11.8) | 63.5 (11.1) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 32.0 (6.3) | 30.4 (6.3) | 32.9 (7.3) | <0.0001 |
| Obese BMI group, n (%) | 1677 (55.9) | 524 (45.5) | 1153 (62.3) | <0.0001 |
| Waist-hip ratio (SD) | 0.91 (0.08) | 0.96 (0.06) | 0.89 (0.07) | <0.0001 |
| BSA (SD), m2 | 2.00 (0.24) | 2.12 (0.23) | 1.93 (0.21) | <0.0001 |
| Ever tobacco smoker, n (%) | 906 (30.2) | 470 (40.8) | 436 (23.6) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake past 12 mo, n (%) | 1356 (45.2) | 660 (57.3) | 696 (37.6) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2225 (74.1) | 790 (68.6) | 1435 (77.6) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 127.9 (18.5) | 128.5 (16.9) | 127.6 (19.4) | 0.153 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (SD), mm Hg | 75.2 (10.7) | 76.6 (10.8) | 74.3 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (SD), % | 6.13 (1.10) | 6.09 (1.14) | 6.16 (1.07) | 0.130 |
| Plasma glucose (SD), mg/dL | 105.5 (32.3) | 107.6 (34.3) | 104.3 (30.9) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes status, n (%) | 881 (29.4) | 315 (27.4) | 566 (30.6) | 0.059 |
| LDL cholesterol (SD), mg/dL | 120.3 (36.2) | 119.7 (36.4) | 120.7 (36.1) | 0.488 |
| HDL cholesterol (SD), mg/dL | 57.9 (16.0) | 52.5 (14.7) | 61.3 (15.9) | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride (SD), mg/dL | 97.4 (48.7) | 102.5 (54.2) | 94.2 (44.7) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (SD), mg/dL | 197.7 (40.1) | 192.7 (40.1) | 200.8 (39.7) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke history, n (%) | 155 (5.2) | 63 (5.5) | 92 (5.0) | 0.547 |
| CHD history, n (%) | 104 (3.5) | 48 (4.2) | 56 (3.0) | 0.096 |
| Cardiac procedures history, n (%) | 98 (3.3) | 37 (3.2) | 61 (3.3) | 0.905 |
| CVD history, n (%) | 311 (10.4) | 132 (11.5) | 179 (9.7) | 0.117 |
| Menopause, n (%) | – | – | 1688 (91.2) | – |
| High sensitivity CRP median (IQR), mg/dL | 0.29 (0.12–0.64) | 0.20 (0.09–0.43) | 0.36 (0.15–0.78) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI | 85.7 (22.2) | 85.1 (21.7) | 86.1 (22.5) | 0.215 |
| Dialysis history, n (%) | 22 (0.7) | 12 (1.0) | 10 (0.5) | 0.117 |
| CKD history, n (%) | 91 (3.0) | 30 (2.6) | 61 (3.3) | 0.283 |
| Ideal physical activity, n (%) | 764 (25.5) | 361 (31.4) | 403 (21.8) | <0.0001 |
| Income ≥75 K/year, n(%) | 623 (20.8) | 364 (31.6) | 259 (14.0) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate (SD), bpm | 63.6 (10.5) | 62.8 (10.6) | 64.1 (10.4) | 0.002 |
| QRS duration (SD), ms | 89.2 (15.7) | 93.6 (16.3) | 86.4 (14.6) | <0.0001 |
| Ventricular conduction abnormality, n (%) | 18 (0.6) | 15 (1.3) | 3 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Bazett corrected QT (SD), ms | 426.5 (25.5) | 418.3 (26.5) | 431.5 (23.5) | <0.0001 |
| Framingham corrected QT (SD),ms | 422.2 (22.6) | 414.8 (23.3) | 426.9 (20.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hodge corrected QT (SD), ms | 423.6 (22.9) | 416.9 (23.6) | 427.8 (21.4) | <0.0001 |
| Fridericia corrected QT (SD), ms | 423.1 (22.6) | 415.8 (23.3) | 427.6 (20.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cornell voltage (SD), µV | 1534 (592) | 1706 (650) | 1426 (525) | <0.0001 |
| Median beat: normal sinus, n (%) | 2957 (98.5) | 1133 (98.4) | 1824 (98.6) | 0.093 |
| Median beat: atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 32 (1.1) | 10 (0.9) | 22 (1.2) | |
| Median beat: ventricular pacing, n (%) | 12 (0.4) | 8 (0.7) | 4 (0.2) | |
| QRS area (SD), mV*ms | 38.5 (18.3) | 39.5 (20.0) | 37.9 (17.2) | 0.025 |
| Peak QRS magnitude (SD), mV | 1.59 (0.44) | 1.60 (0.46) | 1.59 (0.42) | 0.540 |
| Area QRS azimuth (95% CI),° | 20.7 (19.9 to 21.5) | 21.4 (19.8 to 23.0) | 20.3 (19.3 to 21.2) | <0.001 |
| Peak QRS azimuth (95% CI),° | 9.3 (8.5 to 10.1) | 8.3 (6.7 to 9.9) | 9.9 (9.0 to 10.8) | <0.001 |
| Area QRS elevation (95% CI),° | 73.8 (73.2 to 74.4) | 75.7 (74.6 to 76.8) | 72.6 (71.8 to 73.3) | <0.001 |
| Peak QRS elevation(95% CI),° | 72.7 (72.2 to 73.2) | 74.7 (73.8 to 75.5) | 71.5 (70.9 to 72.1) | <0.001 |
| T area (SD), mV*ms | 48.7 (23.3) | 56.5 (24.6) | 43.8 (21.2) | <0.0001 |
| Peak T magnitude (SD), mV | 0.36 (0.16) | 0.40 (0.17) | 0.33 (0.15) | <0.0001 |
| Area T azimuth (95% CI),° | −45.2 (–46.2 to –44.1) | −52.3 (–53.9 to –50.7) | −40.6 (–41.9 to –39.2) | <0.001 |
| Peak T azimuth (95% CI),° | −36.3 (–37.4 to –35.1) | −46.1 (–47.8 to –44.4) | −30.0 (–31.4 to –28.6) | <0.001 |
| Area T elevation (95% CI),° | 75.8 (75.3 to 76.3) | 77.7 (76.9 to 78.4) | 74.6 (73.9 to 75.3) | <0.001 |
| Peak T elevation (95% CI),° | 70.1 (69.5 to 70.6) | 73.3 (72.5 to 74.1) | 68.0 (67.3 to 68.7) | <0.001 |
| Area SVG (SD), mV*ms | 69.6 (28.5) | 73.7 (31.1) | 67.0 (26.3) | <0.0001 |
| Peak SVG magnitude (SD), mV | 1.81 (0.50) | 1.81 (0.54) | 1.81 (0.47) | 0.860 |
| Area SVG azimuth (95% CI),° | −14.3 (–15.1 to –13.4) | −22.2 (–23.6 to –20.9) | −9.4 (–10.4 to –8.5) | <0.001 |
| Peak SVG azimuth (95% CI),° | 3.4 (2.6 to 4.1) | 0.6 (-0.9 to 2.1) | 5.0 (4.2 to 5.8) | <0.001 |
| Area SVG elevation (95% CI),° | 71.8 (71.3 to 72.3) | 74.0 (73.1 to 74.9) | 70.4 (69.8 to 71.1) | <0.001 |
| Peak SVG elevation (95% CI),° | 71.2 (70.7 to 71.6) | 73.1 (72.3 to 73.9) | 69.9 (69.4 to 70.5) | <0.001 |
| SAI QRST (SD), mV*ms | 154.5 (51.7) | 169.4 (55.4) | 109.1 (46.9) | <0.0001 |
| VM QT integral (SD), mV*ms | 103.4 (34.5) | 113.8 (36.9) | 97.0 (31.3) | <0.0001 |
| Area QRS-T angle (95% CI),° | 67.3 (66.1 to 68.6) | 75.0 (72.9 to 77.1) | 62.7 (61.2 to 64.2) | <0.001 |
| Peak QRS-T angle (95% CI),° | 48.3 (47.1 to 49.6) | 55.7 (53.4 to 57.9) | 44.1 (42.7 to 45.5) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CRP, C reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SVG, spatial ventricular gradient; VM, vector magnitude.