Normalisation process theory (NPT)
| NPT constructs | Components | Explanation |
| Coherence |
| The sense-making work that people do individually and collectively when faced with implementing changes to existing working practices. This would include differentiating new practices from existing work and thinking through not only the perceived value and benefits of desired/planned changes but also what work will be required of individual people in a setting to bring about these changes. |
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| Cognitive participation |
| The work that people need to do to engage with and commit to a new set of working practices. This often requires bringing together those who believe in and are committed to making changes happen. This also involves people working together to define ways to implement and sustain the new working practices. |
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| Collective action |
| The work that will be required of people to actually implement changes in practices, including preparation and/or training of staff. Often this entails rethinking how far existing work practices and the division of labour in a setting will have to be changed or adapted to implement the new practices. This requires consideration of not only who will do the work required, but also the skills and knowledge of people who will do the work and the availability of the resources they need to enact and sustain the new working practices. |
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| Reflexive monitoring |
| People’s individual and collective ongoing informal and formal appraisal of the usefulness or effectiveness of changes in working practices. This involves considering how the new practices affect the other work required of individuals and groups, and whether the intended benefits of the new working practices are evident for the intended recipients and staff. |
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