Table 3

Factors associated with hypertension among elderly Bangladeshi people stratified by gender

Variables	Male				Female
Variables	COR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	COR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Age (in years)
60–69	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
70+	1.42***	1.19, 1.68	1.32**	1.09, 1.60	1.39***	1.17, 1.66	1.40**	1.15, 1.71
Place of residence
Rural	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Non-slum urban	1.72***	1.38, 2.15	0.93	0.69, 1.23	1.87***	1.48, 2.37)	1.18	0.88, 1.59
Slum	0.76	0.58, 1.00	0.71*	0.52, 0.96	0.88	0.69, 1.13	0.89	0.67, 1.17
Educational status
No education	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Up to 5th grade	1.07	0.84, 1.37	0.92	0.71, 1.19	1.00	0.75, 1.33	0.95	0.70, 1.28
Six to 10th grade	1.62***	1.32, 1.98	1.25*	1.00, 1.56	1.71***	1.30, 2.25	1.27	0.94, 1.72
Above 10th grade	3.12***	2.44, 3.99	1.83***	1.38, 2.44	3.79**	1.68, 8.57	2.41	0.97, 6.00
Wealth quintile
Least wealthy	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Lower	0.95	0.74, 1.23	0.95	0.73, 1.24	1.28	0.98, 1.66	1.25	0.95, 1.64
Middle	1.37*	1.07, 1.75	1.19	0.91, 1.55	1.41*	1.08, 1.84	1.32	1.00, 1.75
Upper	1.23	0.96, 1.57	0.94	0.71, 1.23	1.19	0.91, 1.55	0.94	0.71, 1.26
Wealthiest	1.75***	1.36, 2.25	0.94	0.69, 1.28	1.66***	1.27, 2.16	1.04	0.76, 1.44
Marital status
Currently married	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Others†	1.37*	1.03, 1.82	1.13	0.82, 1.56	1.23*	1.02, 1.49	1.03	0.84, 1.28
Religion
Muslim	Ref		Ref		Ref
Others‡	1.28*	1.03, 1.60	1.18	0.93, 1.51	0.99	0.79, 1.24	NA	NA
Physical activity
≥150 min/week	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
<150 min/week	1.95***	1.66, 2.29	1.50***	1.25, 1.81	1.72***	1.45, 2.03	1.38**	1.15, 1.67
Fruits and vegetables
≥5 servings/day	Ref		Ref		Ref
<5 servings/day	1.35*	1.06, 1.72	1.24	0.95, 1.60	0.98	0.68, 1.40	NA	NA
Current smoker (for ≥30 days)
No	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.55***	0.47, 0.65	0.74**	0.61, 0.89	0.65	0.41, 1.05	0.69	0.42, 1.15
Smokeless tobacco user (for ≥30 days)
No	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	0.80**	0.68, 0.94	0.86	0.72, 1.02	0.74**	0.63, 0.88	0.87	0.72, 1.04
Body mass index (BMI)
Normal	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Underweight	0.62***	0.50, 0.77	NA	NA	0.56***	0.45, 0.69	NA	NA
Overweight	2.25***	1.83, 2.77	NA	NA	1.69***	1.35, 2.12	NA	NA
Obese	4.53***	2.96, 6.93	NA	NA	2.99***	2.10, 4.25	NA	NA
Waist circumference
Males <102 cm; Females <88 cm	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Males ≥102 cm; Females ≥88 cm	3.39***	2.78, 4.14	2.76***	2.22, 3.43	2.46***	2.06, 2.94	2.20***	1.82, 2.67
Self-reported diabetes
No	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Yes	2.22***	1.72, 2.88	1.36*	1.02, 1.82	2.45***	1.85, 3.23	1.82***	1.35, 2.45

*p < 0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
†Never married, widows, divorced and separated.
‡Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and others.
AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR; NA, not applicable.