Background characteristics of the study population by hypertension (no/yes) and gender (male/female)
| Variables | Overall | Hypertension | Gender | ||
| No | Yes | Male | Female | ||
| N=4813 | N=2345 | N=2468 | N=2482 | N=2335 | |
| n (%)* | n (%)* | n (%)* | n (%)* | n (%)* | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 2482 (51.6) | 1401 (59.7) | 1081 (43.8) | – | – |
| Female | 2331 (48.4) | 944 (40.3) | 1387 (56.2) | – | – |
| Age (years)† | 65.8 (62.4–71.8) | 65.3 (62.1–70.8) | 66.6 (62.8–73.3) | 65.7 (62.6–71.4) | 66.0 (62.3–72.9) |
| Age group (in years) | |||||
| 60–69 years | 3223 (67.0) | 1668 (71.1) | 1555 (63.0) | 1725 (69.5) | 1500 (64.3) |
| 70 years and older | 1589 (33.0) | 677 (28.9) | 912 (37.0) | 757 (30.5) | 834 (35.7) |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Rural | 3463 (72.0) | 1757 (74.9) | 1706 (69.1) | 1835 (73.9) | 1628 (69.7) |
| Non-slum urban | 806 (16.7) | 292 (12.5) | 514 (20.8) | 394 (15.9) | 413 (17.7) |
| Slum | 544 (11.3) | 296 (12.6) | 248 (10.0) | 253 (10.2) | 294 (12.6) |
| Educational status | |||||
| No education | 3012 (62.6) | 1532 (65.3) | 1480 (60.0) | 1214 (48.9) | 1800 (77.1) |
| Up to 5th grade | 556 (11.6) | 302 (12.9) | 254 (10.3) | 342 (13.8) | 216 (9.3) |
| 6th to 10th grade | 843 (17.5) | 376 (16.0) | 467 (18.9) | 567 (22.8) | 276 (11.8) |
| Above 10th grade | 402 (8.4) | 135 (5.8) | 267 (10.8) | 359 (14.5) | 43 (1.8) |
| Wealth quintile | |||||
| Least wealthy (Q1) | 966 (20.1) | 531 (22.7) | 435 (17.6) | 543 (21.9) | 423 (18.1) |
| Lower (Q2) | 968 (20.1) | 500 (21.3) | 468 (19.0) | 485 (19.5) | 484 (20.7) |
| Middle (Q3) | 962 (20.0) | 445 (19.0) | 517 (20.9) | 494 (19.9) | 469 (20.1) |
| Upper (Q4) | 957 (19.9) | 475 (20.3) | 482 (19.5) | 491 (19.8) | 467 (20.0) |
| Wealthiest (Q5) | 959 (19.9) | 393 (16.8) | 566 (22.9) | 469 (18.9) | 491 (21.0) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Currently married | 2860 (59.4) | 1558 (66.4) | 1302 (52.8) | 2277 (91.7) | 584 (25.0) |
| Others‡ | 1953 (40.6) | 787 (33.6) | 1166 (47.2) | 205 (8.3) | 1751 (75.0) |
| Religion | |||||
| Muslim | 4073 (84.6) | 2005 (85.5) | 2068 (83.8) | 2113 (85.1) | 1962 (84.0) |
| Others§ | 740 (15.4) | 340 (14.5) | 400 (16.2) | 369 (14.9) | 373 (16.0) |
| Physical activity | |||||
| ≥150 min/week | 2706 (56.2) | 1498 (63.9) | 1208 (48.9) | 1433 (57.7) | 1274 (54.6) |
| <150 min/week | 2107 (43.8) | 847 (36.1) | 1260 (51.1) | 1049 (42.3) | 1061 (45.4) |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption | |||||
| ≥5 servings/day | 450 (9.3) | 253 (10.8) | 197 (8.0) | 320 (12.9) | 130 (5.6) |
| <5 servings/day | 4363 (90.7) | 2092 (89.2) | 2271 (92.0) | 2162 (87.1) | 2205 (94.4) |
| Currently smoking | |||||
| No | 3828 (79.5) | 1708 (72.8) | 2116 (85.7) | 1564 (63.0) | 2264 (97.0) |
| Yes | 989 (20.5) | 637 (27.2) | 352 (14.3) | 918 (37.0) | 71 (3.0) |
| Smokeless tobacco use | |||||
| No | 2438 (50.6) | 1146 (48.9) | 1290 (52.3) | 1455 (58.6) | 983 (42.1) |
| Yes | 2379 (49.4) | 1199 (51.1) | 1178 (47.7) | 1027 (41.4) | 1352 (57.9) |
| Body mass index (BMI)† | 20.9 (18.6–23.8) | 19.9 (18.0–22.3) | 22.1 (19.6–24.9) | 20.7 (18.6–23.5) | 21.2 (18.7–24.3) |
| BMI category (Asian) | |||||
| Normal | 2077 (45.1) | 1098 (48.2) | 979 (42.1) | 1145 (47.5) | 932 (42.4) |
| Underweight | 1099 (23.9) | 715 (31.4) | 384 (16.5) | 589 (24.4) | 511 (23.2) |
| Overweight | 1084 (23.5) | 390 (17.1) | 694 (29.8) | 554 (23.0) | 530 (24.1) |
| Obese | 345 (7.5) | 76 (3.3) | 269 (11.6) | 121 (5.0) | 226 (10.3) |
| Waist circumference† | 79.0 (71.4–87.9) | 76.1 (69.6–83.9) | 82.3 (74.1–91.2) | 81.0 (73.3–89.1) | 77.1 (69.1–86.4) |
| Waist circumference | |||||
| Male: <90 cm/Female: <80 cm | 3226 (68.5) | 1859 (80.4) | 1367 (57.0) | 1887 (77.1) | 1340 (59.1) |
| Male: >=90 cm/Female: >=80 cm | 1485 (31.5) | 452 (19.6) | 1033 (43.0) | 560 (22.9) | 927 (40.9) |
| Self-reported diabetes | |||||
| No | 4234 (88.0) | 2167 (92.4) | 2067 (83.8) | 2212 (89.1) | 2026 (86.8) |
| Yes | 579 (12.0) | 178 (7.6) | 401 (16.2) | 270 (10.9) | 309 (13.2) |
*Column percentages.
†Median and +IQR calculated for the continuous variables.
‡Never married, widows, divorced and separated.
§Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and others.