Table 4

Impact of lockdown on general health, mental health and social well-being

VariablesPoor healthWHO-5 screening for depressionEmotional lonelinessSocial lonelinessLoneliness emotional and/or social
OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
Red zone (main effects)0.859 (0.556 to 1.329)1.526 (1.129 to 2.063)3.362 (2.368 to 4.774)0.565 (0.301 to 1.06)2.115 (1.067 to 4.191)
Lockdown stage 4 (main effects)1.219 (0.755 to 1.968)1.428 (0.878 to 2.325)1.983 (1.198 to 3.283)0.854 (0.443 to 1.643)1.978 (1.064 to 3.678)
Interaction Red zone and lockdown stage 41.148 (0.65 to 2.028)1.752 (1.065 to 2.882)0.821 (0.5 to 1.348)2.96 (1.306 to 6.709)1.254 (0.516 to 3.05)
Age (ref. 30–64 years)
 Less than 30 years0.234 (0.075 to 0.731)Omitted0.249 (0.093 to 0.667)0.345 (0.114 to 1.048)1.079 (0.327 to 3.56)
 More than 65 years2.085 (1.494 to 2.908)0.842 (0.619 to 1.146)0.757 (0.552 to 1.039)1.224 (0.816 to 1.836)1.524 (0.873 to 2.66)
Females (ref. males)2.22 (1.482 to 3.326)0.872 (0.677 to 1.123)0.627 (0.473 to 0.832)0.828 (0.479 to 1.433)1.388 (0.789 to 2.445)
Working (ref. not working)1.615 (0.882 to 2.955)0.827 (0.635 to 1.079)0.763 (0.573 to 1.016)1.521 (0.703 to 3.292)2.262 (0.875 to 5.847)
Living arrangements (ref. large household)
 Alone2.131 (1.303 to 3.484)1.193 (0.779 to 1.825)2.986 (1.648 to 5.41)0.859 (0.401 to 1.843)0.828 (0.35 to 1.959)
 With my spouse0.694 (0.466 to 1.034)2 (1.43 to 2.796)1.271 (0.856 to 1.889)3.152 (1.292 to 7.686)1.077 (0.564 to 2.056)
 With non-related others10.037 (2.366 to 42.582)0.912 (0.478 to 1.741)0.328 (0.134 to 0.8)1.713 (0.389 to 7.53)0.52 (0.172 to 1.569)
Financial difficulties (ref. None)
 Some difficulties2.244 (1.592 to 3.164)5.344 (3.942 to 7.246)1.621 (1.111 to 2.366)2.46 (1.496 to 4.045)1.995 (1.091 to 3.647)
 Great difficulties5.514 (3.882 to 7.834)6.895 (4.86 to 9.783)2.664 (1.823 to 3.895)3.59 (2.22 to 5.806)3.474 (1.873 to 6.444)
Rural region (ref. urban)0.986 (0.766 to 1.27)1.243 (0.978 to 1.58)1.192 (0.913 to 1.556)0.657 (0.435 to 0.992)1.023 (0.669 to 1.563)
Has diabetes (ref. no)1.287 (0.967 to 1.715)0.652 (0.471 to 0.902)0.705 (0.504 to 0.987)0.931 (0.664 to 1.304)0.692 (0.463 to 1.033)
  • Bold results are significant.