Comparison of included and excluded participants
| Characteristics | Included (N=449 943) | Excluded (N=52 550) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 240 976 (53.6%) | 32 402 (61.7%) |
| Male | 208 967 (46.4%) | 20 148 (38.3%) |
| Average age (SD) | 56.5 (8.1) | 57.0 (7.8) |
| BMI* | ||
| Underweight | 2307 (0.5%) | 321 (0.6%) |
| Healthy weight | 145 082 (32.3%) | 15 222 (29.7%) |
| Overweight | 190 177 (42.4%) | 22 053 (43.1%) |
| Obese | 110 541 (24.7%) | 13 600 (26.6%) |
| Central obesity* | ||
| Not obese | 177 869 (39.6%) | 17 719 (34.5%) |
| Central obesity | 271 126 (60.4%) | 33 642 (65.5%) |
| Ethnic background | ||
| White | 424 213 (94.4%) | 47 901 (91.3%) |
| Mixed | 2593 (0.6%) | 316 (0.6%) |
| Asian | 8016 (1.8%) | 1823 (3.5%) |
| Black | 7050 (1.6%) | 984 (1.9%) |
| Chinese | 1407 (0.3%) | 167 (0.3%) |
| Other ethnicity† | 6068 (1.4%) | 1267 (2.4%) |
| Tobacco smoking | ||
| Non-smoker | 402 337 (89.6%) | 45 860 (88.3%) |
| Current smoker | 46 793 (10.4%) | 6184 (11.9%) |
| Alcohol drinking status | ||
| Never drink | 35 590 (7.9%) | 5071 (9.8%) |
| Drink occasionally | 101 690 (22.7%) | 12 208 (23.5%) |
| Drink weekly | 220 709 (49.2%) | 24 028 (46.2%) |
| Drink daily | 90 984 (20.3%) | 10 713 (20.6%) |
| Vitamin and mineral supplementation use | ||
| Vitamin D and associated mineral supplement‡ | 285 524 (63.6%) | 31 097 (63.9%) |
| Other vitamin and mineral supplement§ | 163 214 (36.4%) | 17 537 (36.1%) |
| Mean outdoor time in summer (SD) | 3.8 (2.4) | 3.8 (2.4) |
| Mean outdoor time in winter (SD) | 1.9 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.8) |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)¶ | ||
| 1 (Least deprived) | 88 516 (20.2%) | 9616 (18.7%) |
| 2 | 88 210 (20.1%) | 9782 (19.1%) |
| 3 | 87 584 (20.0%) | 10 249 (20.0%) |
| 4 | 87 585 (20%) | 10 306 (21.0%) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 86 539 (19.7%) | 11 370 (22.2%) |
*The classification is suggested by NICE guidelines.
†Includes any other unlisted ethnic groups, unclear ethnic groups and participants prefer not to answer.
‡Vitamin D and associated mineral: vitamin D, multivitamin, fish oil and calcium supplementation.
§Other vitamin and mineral supplements: vitamin A, B, C, E, folic acid or folate, glucosamine, zinc, iron, selenium and other supplements.
¶IMD scores were by quintile.
BMI, body mass index; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.