Characteristics and outcomes of participants
| Characteristics | Survived to discharge (overall number=709) | n | Died in the hospital (overall number=33) | n | P value |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (median (IQR)) | 51.00 (40.00–63.00) | 65.00 (60.00–78.00) | <0.001 | ||
| Gender male, n (%) | 427 (60.2) | 24 (72.7) | 0.209 | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.348 | ||||
| African–American | 49 (7.0) | 5 (15.2) | |||
| Asian | 9 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Caucasian | 542 (77.2) | 25 (75.8) | |||
| Hispanic | 34 (4.8) | 1 (3.0) | |||
| Native American | 8 (1.1) | 1 (3.0) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 60 (8.5) | 1 (3.0) | |||
| Height (cm, median (IQR)) | 172.00 (163.00–178.00) | 702 | 172.70 (165.10–178.43) | 32 | 0.685 |
| Weight (kg, median (IQR)) | 83.90 (70.90–98.10) | 692 | 93.30 (78.97–103.50) | 32 | 0.037 |
| Clinical factors | |||||
| ICU type, n (%) | 0.002 | ||||
| Med-Surg ICU | 485 (68.4) | 20 (60.6) | |||
| MICU | 76 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| SICU | 55 (7.8) | 10 (30.3) | |||
| Other ICUs | 93 (13.1) | 3 (9.1) | |||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| CHF | 37 (5.3) | 6 (18.2) | 0.007 | ||
| COPD | 67 (9.6) | 7 (21.2) | 0.062 | ||
| Hypertension | 317 (45.4) | 23 (69.7) | 0.01 | ||
| DM | 105 (15.0) | 4 (12.1) | 0.836 | ||
| MI | 26 (3.7) | 2 (6.1) | 0.825 | ||
| RI | 38 (5.4) | 4 (12.1) | 0.218 | ||
| Vital signs | |||||
| BT (°C, median (IQR)) | 36.70 (36.40–36.90) | 611 | 36.60 (36.40–36.82) | 28 | 0.509 |
| RR (/min, median (IQR)) | 30.00 (12.00–37.00) | 648 | 33.00 (27.00–39.00) | 29 | 0.113 |
| HR (/min, median (IQR)) | 118.00 (102.00–134.00) | 647 | 120.00 (100.00–135.00) | 29 | 0.908 |
| MBP (mm Hg, median (IQR)) | 98.00 (60.00–125.50) | 647 | 51.00 (43.00–70.00) | 29 | <0.001 |
| APACHE IV (median (IQR)) | 46.00 (34.00–62.00) | 579 | 90.00 (71.00–105.00) | 27 | <0.001 |
| GCS (median (IQR)) | 15.00 (14.00–15.00) | 709 | 13.00 (10.00–15.00) | 33 | <0.001 |
| Invasive intervention, n (%) | |||||
| Operation | 36 (5.1) | 3 (9.1) | 0.541 | ||
| Intubation | 34 (5.2) | 7 (24.1) | <0.001 | ||
| Ventilation | 53 (8.1) | 9 (31.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Dialysis | 9 (1.4) | 2 (6.9) | 0.12 | ||
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Albumin (g/dL, median (IQR)) | 2.90 (2.40–3.40) | 660 | 2.40 1.95–2.80) | 31 | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L, median (IQR)) | 1.90 (1.20–3.10) | 359 | 5.20 (2.20–8.57) | 21 | <0.001 |
| BE (mEq/L, median (IQR)) | −3.20 (−7.00 to 0.50) | 170 | −5.10 (−9.20 to −3.00) | 13 | 0.245 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 1.00 (0.60–2.30) | 449 | 2.10 (0.80–3.90) | 25 | 0.105 |
| Glucose (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 167.00 (128.00–237.75) | 694 | 194.00 (162.00–247.00) | 33 | 0.065 |
| BUN (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 18.00 (12.00–31.00) | 697 | 37.00 (23.00–54.00) | 33 | <0.001 |
| WCC (×109/L, median (IQR)) | 10.80 (7.37–15.70) | 533 | 14.00 (7.85–23.70) | 28 | 0.106 |
| Haematocrit (%, median (IQR)) | 34.90 (30.50–39.88) | 538 | 33.00 (29.08–37.18) | 28 | 0.272 |
| PLT (%, median (IQR)) | 178.50 (126.00–241.00) | 676 | 172.00 (118.00–236.00) | 33 | 0.634 |
| Calcium (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 7.80 (7.20–8.30) | 669 | 7.45 (6.50–8.20) | 32 | 0.129 |
| LDH (Units/L, median (IQR)) | 350.00 (236.00–557.50) | 99 | 469.50 (317.25–634.50) | 6 | 0.439 |
| AST (Units/L, median (IQR)) | 67.00 (32.00–160.25) | 664 | 110.00 (39.00–301.50) | 31 | 0.052 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 191.00 (127.50–296.00) | 215 | 137.00 (137.00–137.00) | 1 | 0.466 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL, median (IQR)) | 188.00 (105.75–1083.75) | 320 | 189.00 (151.00–374.00) | 11 | 0.946 |
| Amylase (Units/L, median (IQR)) | 362.00 (112.00–949.00) | 277 | 581.60 (102.75–1091.25) | 14 | 0.8 |
| Lipase (Units/L, median (IQR)) | 952.00 (364.00–2995.00) | 581 | 1538.00 (75.50–4323.50) | 22 | 0.887 |
| PaO2 (mm Hg, median (IQR)) | 75.75 (67.00–93.50) | 92 | 98.50 (74.75–101.75) | 10 | 0.24 |
APACHE, Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BE, base excess; BT, body temperature; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, chronic heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; DM, diabetes mellitus; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; MBP, mean blood pressure; Med-Surg ICU, medical-surgical intensive care unit; MI, myocardial infarction; MICU, medical intensive care unit; PaO2, arterial oxygen pressure; PLT, platelet; RI, renal insufficiency; RR, respiratory rate; SICU, surgical intensive care unit; WCC, white cell count.