Table 5

Association between school food/physical activity environment category and pupil obesity, dietary and physical activity outcome measures, estimated using multilevel modelling

Outcome variable	School environment category*	Outcome time point
		Baseline		Follow-up 1		Follow-up 2		Repeated measures model
		Regression coefficient (95% CI)	P value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	P value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	P value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	P value
zBMI	PA focus	−0.06 (−0.25 to 0.14)	0.57	−0.06 (−0.22 to 0.10)	0.48	−0.17 (−0.31 to −0.03)	0.02	−0.10 (−0.29 to 0.10)	0.32
	HE focus	−0.09 (−0.28 to 0.09)	0.33	−0.02 (−0.18 to 0.15)	0.86	−0.02 (−0.16 to 0.13)	0.80	−0.07 (−0.27 to 0.13)	0.47
	Complete health focus	0.04 (−0.14 to 0.23)	0.64	0.07 (−0.09 to 0.23)	0.41	−0.11 (−0.25 to 0.03)	0.14	0.07 (−0.12 to 0.26)	0.49
zWC	PA focus	−0.10 (−0.36 to 0.16)	0.44	0.04 (−0.22 to 0.30)	0.75	−0.15 (−0.36 to 0.06)	0.16	−0.11 (−0.32 to 0.11)	0.33
	HE focus	−0.24 (−0.48 to 0.01)	0.06	0.19 (−0.07 to 0.45)	0.14	0.07 (−0.15 to 0.29)	0.55	−0.14 (−0.37 to 0.08)	0.21
	Complete health focus	0.10 (−0.14 to 0.34)	0.40	−0.01 (−0.26 to 0.24)	0.95	−0.18 (−0.38 to 0.03)	0.09	0.07 (−0.14 to 0.28)	0.52
Dietary total energy intake (kJ/24 hours)	PA focus	−903.5 (−2402.7 to 595.6)	0.24	433.7 (−70.5 to 937.9)	0.09	33.2 (−614.5 to 681.0)	0.92	−220.9 (−815.1 to 373.4)	0.47
	HE focus	−847.8 (−2255.8 to 560.3)	0.24	−63.7 (−598.0 to 470.5)	0.82	260.8 (−443.1 to 964.7)	0.47	−483.8 (−1087.4 to 119.9)	0.12
	Complete health focus	−399.3 (−1801.3 to 1002.6)	0.58	32.8 (−464.7 to 530.3)	0.90	171.3 (−466.4 to 809.1)	0.60	−200.0 (−773.9 to 373.8)	0.49
Fruit and vegetable intake (g/24 hours)	PA focus	−57.8 (−135.5 to 19.8)	0.14	11.8 (−27.9 to 51.5)	0.56	−16.0 (−73.9 to 41.9)	0.59	−22.6 (−64.9 to 19.6)	0.29
	HE focus	−31.6 (−104.7 to 41.4)	0.40	3.0 (−38.6 to 44.7)	0.89	−4.4 (−66.9 to 58.0)	0.89	−21.6 (−64.4 to 21.2)	0.32
	Complete health focus	−7.3 (−80.0 to 65.4)	0.84	27.1 (−11.9 to 66.0)	0.17	8.6 (−48.1 to 65.3)	0.77	5.2 (−35.6 to 45.9)	0.80
PAEE (kJ/kg body weight/24 hours)	PA focus	−6.0 (−11.7 to −0.28)	0.04	−0.79 (−7.2 to 5.7)	0.81	1.9 (−3.8 to 7.6)	0.51	−2.8 (−7.2 to 1.6)	0.21
	HE focus	−6.3 (−11.8 to −0.86)	0.02	3.8 (−3.1 to 10.7)	0.28	3.5 (−2.7 to 9.7)	0.27	−0.83 (−5.3 to 3.7)	0.72
	Complete health focus	−6.3 (−11.6 to −1.0)	0.02	−2.6 (−8.8 to 3.6)	0.42	5.3 (0.04 to 10.6)	0.05	−3.0 (−7.2 to 1.2)	0.16
Estimated time spent in MVPA (min/24 hours)	PA focus	−4.2 (−18.5 to 10.1)	0.57	−3.7 (−22.7 to 15.2)	0.70	3.8 (−10.5 to 18.2)	0.60	−1.4 (−11.9 to 9.1)	0.80
	HE focus	−13.2 (−26.8 to 0.47)	0.06	−0.80 (−20.9 to 19.3)	0.94	0.78 (−14.5 to 16.1)	0.92	−5.0 (−15.7 to 5.7)	0.36
	Complete health focus	−14.1 (−27.4 to −0.75)	0.04	−6.4 (−24.7 to 11.8)	0.49	7.2 (−6.4 to 20.9)	0.30	−6.4 (−16.5 to 3.7)	0.21

All models with outcomes measured at a single time point include school as a random effect, and age at baseline, sex, ethnicity and Index of Multiple Deprivation score as fixed-effect covariates. Models with outcomes at follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 also include the outcome variable at baseline and the WAVES trial arm as fixed-effect covariates.
Repeated measures models include school and pupil as a random effect, and measurement time point, age at baseline, sex, ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation score and WAVES trial arm as fixed-effect covariates.
Results shown in bold are statistically significant.
*Minimal health focus schools are the reference category.
HE, healthy eating; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure; WAVES, West Midlands ActiVe lifestyle and healthy Eating in School children; zBMI, body mass index z-score; zWC, waist circumference z-score.