Frequency of theoretically congruent behaviour change techniques (BCTs) within the key Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) domains
| BCTs theoretically congruent with the key TDF domains (based on a predefined matrix12 †) | BCT frequency | % Potentially relevant BCTs used ¶ | |
| National interventions | Research interventions | ||
| (n=26) ‡ | (n=5) § | ||
| TDF domain 1: beliefs about consequences | |||
| Information about health consequences | 14 | 3 | 60% (9/15) |
| Information about social and environmental consequences | 5 | 2 | |
| Salience of consequences | 2 | 0 | |
| Pros and cons | 1 | 0 | |
| Credible source | 7 | 1 | |
| Information about emotional consequences | 0 | 0 | |
| Covert sensitisation | 0 | 0 | |
| Anticipated regret | 0 | 0 | |
| Vicarious reinforcement | 0 | 0 | |
| Threat | 0 | 0 | |
| Comparative imagining of future outcomes | 0 | 0 | |
| Self-monitoring of behaviour | 6 | 0 | |
| Self-monitoring of outcome(s) of behaviour | 3 | 0 | |
| Feedback on behaviour | 7 | 2 | |
| Feedback on outcome(s) of behaviour | 5 | 0 | |
| TDF domain 2: social influences | |||
| Social comparisons | 6 | 1 | 60% (6/10) |
| Social support (practical) | 6 | 1 | |
| Social support (unspecified) | 2 | 4 | |
| Demonstration of the behaviour | 4 | 3 | |
| Social support (emotional) | 0 | 0 | |
| Information about others’ approval | 0 | 0 | |
| Vicarious consequences | 0 | 0 | |
| Restructuring the social environment | 0 | 0 | |
| Identification of self as role model | 6 | 0 | |
| Social reward | 2 | 0 | |
| TDF domain 3: skills | |||
| Instruction on how to perform the behaviour* | 12 | 5 | 24% (4/17) |
| Demonstration of the behaviour | 4 | 3 | |
| Behavioural practice / rehearsal | 3 | 0 | |
| Pharmacological support* | 1 | 0 | |
| Graded tasks | 0 | 0 | |
| Habit reversal | 0 | 0 | |
| Habit formation | 0 | 0 | |
| Goal setting (outcome) | 0 | 0 | |
| Goal setting (behaviour) | 1 | 0 | |
| Monitoring by others without feedback | 1 | 0 | |
| Self-monitoring | 6 | 0 | |
| Reward (outcome) | 0 | 0 | |
| Self-reward | 0 | 0 | |
| Incentive | 1 | 0 | |
| Material reward | 1 | 0 | |
| Non-specific reward | 2 | 0 | |
| Generalisation of target behaviour | 0 | 0 | |
| TDF domain 4: environmental context and resources | |||
| Adding objects to the environment | 9 | 3 | 67% (4/6) |
| Restructuring the physical environment | 1 | 0 | |
| Discriminative cue | 0 | 0 | |
| Prompts/cues | 1 | 2 | |
| Avoidance/reducing exposure to cues for the behaviour | 0 | 0 | |
| Restructuring the social environment | 0 | 0 | |
| TDF domain 5: intentions | |||
| Commitment | 1 | 0 | 50% (1/2) |
| Behavioural contract | 0 | 0 | |
| TDF domain 6: emotions | |||
| Reduce negative emotions | 0 | 0 | 0% (0/5) |
| Information about emotional consequences | 0 | 0 | |
| Self-assessment of affective consequences | 0 | 0 | |
| Social support (emotional) | 0 | 0 | |
| Conserving mental resources | 0 | 0 | |
*BCTs that were not included in the matrix,12 but corresponded with that TDF domain in the coded intervention components.
†The BCTs were matched with theoretically congruent TDF domains based on the matrix developed previously and available elsewhere (p93,12). BCT ‘biofeedback’ was removed from the TDF domain ‘beliefs about consequences’ and BCT ‘body changes’ was removed from TDF domain ‘skills’ (despite being listed in the matrix) as they are considered not relevant to antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and therefore not ‘possible’ BCTs.
‡Twenty-six national interventions identified in the previous project,6 including four effective research interventions.
§Five effective research interventions identified in this project, without the four effective research interventions that were also nationally implemented.
¶Proportion of all possible BCTs theoretically congruent with each TDF domain (according to the matrix12) that were used at least once in interventions.