Table 5

Unadjusted and aORs and 95% CIs for COVID-19 death in Nigeria

FactorUnadjusted OR (95% CI)P value (LRT)aOR (95% CI)‡P value (LRT)
Sociodemographic factors
Age groups, year (n=3134)<0.0001<0.0001*
0–2011
21–302.21 (0.93 to 5.28)0.57 (0.19 to 1.68)
31–402.23 (0.96 to 5.20)0.64 (0.22 to 1.80)
41–505.35 (2.37 to 12.07)1.39 (0.51 to 3.75)
51–6015.19 (6.91 to 33.39)2.93 (1.10 to 7.81)
61–7050.50 (22.73 to 112.21)14.53 (5.35 to 39.43)
≥7159.44 (25.26 to 139.88)10.81 (3.70 to 31.60)
Sex (n=3207)<0.001†0.393†
Female11
Male1.78 (1.32 to 2.41)1.23 (0.76 to 2.00)
Geopolitical zone (n=3215)<0.00010.1915
South-West11
South-South3.13 (2.12 to 4.61)1.49 (0.83 to 2.67)
South-East1.21 (0.36 to 4.02)1.50 (0.33 to 6.94)
North-Central1.25 (0.80 to 1.95)1.69 (0.93 to 3.07)
North-West1.35 (1.00 to 1.82)1.68 (1.06 to 2.69)
North-East2.27 (1.46 to 3.53)2.10 (0.96 to 4.62)
Occupation (n=2226)<0.00010.0042
Pupil/student11
ChildOmittedOmitted
Housewife8.31 (2.08 to 33.17)2.68 (0.54 to 13.23)
Trader/business7.16 (2.11 to 24.28)2.13 (0.54 to 8.50)
Health worker2.46 (0.69 to 8.82)1.57 (0.38 to 6.54)
Animal-related workOmittedOmitted
Farmer24.93 (6.83 to 90.94)7.56 (1.70 to 33.53)
Religious/traditional leader22.56 (4.53 to 112.41)1.24 (0.17 to 8.95)
Transporter11.28 (1.72 to 74.02)5.46 (0.58 to 51.36)
Other7.63 (2.41 to 24.21)3.74 (1.03 to 13.56)
Travel history (n=3173)0.00220.0004
No travel11
Local0.52 (0.31 to 0.88)0.69 (0.35 to 1.34)
International0.35 (0.13 to 0.95)0.14 (0.04 to 0.47)
Clinical signs and symptoms (no, coded 0, is the reference group with an OR of 1.00)
Abdominal pain (n=3215)0.003†0.733†
 Yes4.31 (1.64 to 11.30)0.73 (0.12 to 4.52)
Chest pain (n=3215)0.001†0.866†
 Yes2.70 (1.48 to 4.92)1.10 (0.36 to 3.35)
Chills/sweat (n=3215)0.827†
 Yes1.14 (0.34 to 3.80)
Confusion (n=3215)0.001†0.089†
 Yes10.02 (2.50 to 40.28)6.02 (0.76 to 47.53)
Cough (n=3215)<0.001†<0.001†
 Yes3.15 (2.47 to 4.02)2.06 (1.41 to 3.01)
Diarrhoea (n=3215)0.017†0.610†
 Yes1.82 (1.12 to 2.98)1.18 (0.62 to 2.28)
Breathing difficulty (n=3215)<0.001†<0.001†
 Yes6.63 (5.06 to 8.70)5.68 (3.77 to 8.58)
Fatigue (n=3215)<0.001†0.752†
 Yes2.70 (1.69 to 4.29)1.15 (0.48 to 2.80)
Fever (n=3215)<0.001†0.060†
Yes2.10 (1.64 to 2.67)1.49 (0.98 to 2.26)
Headache (n=3215)0.286†
 Yes0.77 (0.48 to 1.24)
Joint pain (n=3215)0.030†0.737†
 Yes2.73 (1.10 to 6.80)1.30 (0.28 to 6.10)
Malaise (n=3215)0.012†0.926†
 Yes2.20 (1.19 to 4.05)1.06 (0.29 to 3.91)
Muscle pain (n=3215)0.654†
Yes1.22 (0.52 to 2.86)
Nausea (n=3215)0.025†0.730†
 Yes1.87 (1.08 to 3.23)0.88 (0.42 to 1.85)
Rapid breathing (n=3215)<0.001†0.936†
 Yes5.35 (2.55 to 11.20)1.05 (0.32 to 3.45)
Runny nose (n=3215)0.715†
 Yes1.07 (0.73 to 1.58)
Sore throat (n=3215)0.353†
 Yes1.19 (0.82 to 1.73)
Vomiting (n=3215)<0.001†
 Yes4.69 (2.91 to 7.56)2.54 (1.33 to 4.84)0.005†
Loss of smell (n=3215)0.433†
 Yes0.45 (0.06 to 3.34)
Loss of taste (n=3215)0.161†
Yes2.00 (0.76 to 5.25)
  • Significant results are in bold fonts.

  • *P value for trend<0.0001.

  • †Wald’s p value.

  • ‡2179 records were available for the first multivariable logistic regression model and 2185 records for the final adjusted multivariable logistic regression model (ie, excluding the variables with p>0.05).

  • aOR, adjusted OR; LRT, Likelihood Ratio Test.