Factor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value (LRT) | aOR (95% CI)‡ | P value (LRT) |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||
Age groups, year (n=3134) | <0.0001 | <0.0001* | ||
0–20 | 1 | 1 | ||
21–30 | 2.21 (0.93 to 5.28) | 0.57 (0.19 to 1.68) | ||
31–40 | 2.23 (0.96 to 5.20) | 0.64 (0.22 to 1.80) | ||
41–50 | 5.35 (2.37 to 12.07) | 1.39 (0.51 to 3.75) | ||
51–60 | 15.19 (6.91 to 33.39) | 2.93 (1.10 to 7.81) | ||
61–70 | 50.50 (22.73 to 112.21) | 14.53 (5.35 to 39.43) | ||
≥71 | 59.44 (25.26 to 139.88) | 10.81 (3.70 to 31.60) | ||
Sex (n=3207) | <0.001† | 0.393† | ||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 1.78 (1.32 to 2.41) | 1.23 (0.76 to 2.00) | ||
Geopolitical zone (n=3215) | <0.0001 | 0.1915 | ||
South-West | 1 | 1 | ||
South-South | 3.13 (2.12 to 4.61) | 1.49 (0.83 to 2.67) | ||
South-East | 1.21 (0.36 to 4.02) | 1.50 (0.33 to 6.94) | ||
North-Central | 1.25 (0.80 to 1.95) | 1.69 (0.93 to 3.07) | ||
North-West | 1.35 (1.00 to 1.82) | 1.68 (1.06 to 2.69) | ||
North-East | 2.27 (1.46 to 3.53) | 2.10 (0.96 to 4.62) | ||
Occupation (n=2226) | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | ||
Pupil/student | 1 | 1 | ||
Child | Omitted | Omitted | ||
Housewife | 8.31 (2.08 to 33.17) | 2.68 (0.54 to 13.23) | ||
Trader/business | 7.16 (2.11 to 24.28) | 2.13 (0.54 to 8.50) | ||
Health worker | 2.46 (0.69 to 8.82) | 1.57 (0.38 to 6.54) | ||
Animal-related work | Omitted | Omitted | ||
Farmer | 24.93 (6.83 to 90.94) | 7.56 (1.70 to 33.53) | ||
Religious/traditional leader | 22.56 (4.53 to 112.41) | 1.24 (0.17 to 8.95) | ||
Transporter | 11.28 (1.72 to 74.02) | 5.46 (0.58 to 51.36) | ||
Other | 7.63 (2.41 to 24.21) | 3.74 (1.03 to 13.56) | ||
Travel history (n=3173) | 0.0022 | 0.0004 | ||
No travel | 1 | 1 | ||
Local | 0.52 (0.31 to 0.88) | 0.69 (0.35 to 1.34) | ||
International | 0.35 (0.13 to 0.95) | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.47) | ||
Clinical signs and symptoms (no, coded 0, is the reference group with an OR of 1.00) | ||||
Abdominal pain (n=3215) | 0.003† | 0.733† | ||
Yes | 4.31 (1.64 to 11.30) | 0.73 (0.12 to 4.52) | ||
Chest pain (n=3215) | 0.001† | 0.866† | ||
Yes | 2.70 (1.48 to 4.92) | 1.10 (0.36 to 3.35) | ||
Chills/sweat (n=3215) | 0.827† | |||
Yes | 1.14 (0.34 to 3.80) | |||
Confusion (n=3215) | 0.001† | 0.089† | ||
Yes | 10.02 (2.50 to 40.28) | 6.02 (0.76 to 47.53) | ||
Cough (n=3215) | <0.001† | <0.001† | ||
Yes | 3.15 (2.47 to 4.02) | 2.06 (1.41 to 3.01) | ||
Diarrhoea (n=3215) | 0.017† | 0.610† | ||
Yes | 1.82 (1.12 to 2.98) | 1.18 (0.62 to 2.28) | ||
Breathing difficulty (n=3215) | <0.001† | <0.001† | ||
Yes | 6.63 (5.06 to 8.70) | 5.68 (3.77 to 8.58) | ||
Fatigue (n=3215) | <0.001† | 0.752† | ||
Yes | 2.70 (1.69 to 4.29) | 1.15 (0.48 to 2.80) | ||
Fever (n=3215) | <0.001† | 0.060† | ||
Yes | 2.10 (1.64 to 2.67) | 1.49 (0.98 to 2.26) | ||
Headache (n=3215) | 0.286† | |||
Yes | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.24) | |||
Joint pain (n=3215) | 0.030† | 0.737† | ||
Yes | 2.73 (1.10 to 6.80) | 1.30 (0.28 to 6.10) | ||
Malaise (n=3215) | 0.012† | 0.926† | ||
Yes | 2.20 (1.19 to 4.05) | 1.06 (0.29 to 3.91) | ||
Muscle pain (n=3215) | 0.654† | |||
Yes | 1.22 (0.52 to 2.86) | |||
Nausea (n=3215) | 0.025† | 0.730† | ||
Yes | 1.87 (1.08 to 3.23) | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.85) | ||
Rapid breathing (n=3215) | <0.001† | 0.936† | ||
Yes | 5.35 (2.55 to 11.20) | 1.05 (0.32 to 3.45) | ||
Runny nose (n=3215) | 0.715† | |||
Yes | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.58) | |||
Sore throat (n=3215) | 0.353† | |||
Yes | 1.19 (0.82 to 1.73) | |||
Vomiting (n=3215) | <0.001† | |||
Yes | 4.69 (2.91 to 7.56) | 2.54 (1.33 to 4.84) | 0.005† | |
Loss of smell (n=3215) | 0.433† | |||
Yes | 0.45 (0.06 to 3.34) | |||
Loss of taste (n=3215) | 0.161† | |||
Yes | 2.00 (0.76 to 5.25) |
Significant results are in bold fonts.
*P value for trend<0.0001.
†Wald’s p value.
‡2179 records were available for the first multivariable logistic regression model and 2185 records for the final adjusted multivariable logistic regression model (ie, excluding the variables with p>0.05).
aOR, adjusted OR; LRT, Likelihood Ratio Test.