Descriptive characteristics of the study population stratified by parental OW status
| Variables | Total (n=11 784) | Parental OW status | P value | |||
| None (n=6415) | Father (n=3476) | Mother (n=1041) | Both parents (n=852) | |||
| Residence area, % | ||||||
| Urban | 6612 (56.1) | 3553 (55.4) | 2087 (60.0) | 497 (47.7) | 475 (55.8) | ＜0.001 |
| Rural | 5172 (43.9) | 2862 (44.6) | 1389 (40.0) | 544 (52.3) | 377 (44.2) | |
| Parental factors | ||||||
| Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2±3.2 | 22.3±1.9 | 27.5±2.2 | 22.5±1.8 | 27.9±2.6 | ＜0.001 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3±3.0 | 21.1±2.0 | 21.5±1.9 | 27.2±2.3 | 27.4±2.7 | ＜0.001 |
| Household income (%) | ||||||
| ≤5000 | 3287 (32.4) | 1650 (42.4) | 945 (43.0) | 388 (57.0) | 304 (54.9) | ＜0.001 |
| 5000–12 000 | 3024 (29.8) | 1648 (42.3) | 930 (42.3) | 239 (35.1) | 207 (37.4) | |
| ≥12 000 | 1015 (10.0) | 597 (15.3) | 321 (14.6) | 54 (7.9) | 43 (7.8) | |
| Diabetes history | ||||||
| Yes | 259 (2.4) | 108 (1.8) | 102 (3.2) | 26 (2.7) | 23 (3.0) | ＜0.001 |
| No | 10 639 (97.6) | 5855 (98.2) | 3116 (96.8) | 921 (97.3) | 747 (97.0) | |
| Hypertension history | ||||||
| Yes | 840 (7.4) | 331 (5.4) | 307 (9.1) | 103 (10.3) | 99 (12.1) | ＜0.001 |
| No | 10 510 (92.6) | 5840 (94.6) | 3060 (90.9) | 894 (89.7) | 716 (87.9) | |
| Offspring factors | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Boys | 5888 (49.9) | 3196 (49.8) | 1766 (50.8) | 508 (48.8) | 410 (48.1) | 0.434 |
| Girls | 5904 (50.1) | 3219 (50.2) | 1710 (49.2) | 533 (51.2) | 442 (51.9) | |
| Age (years) | 11.3±3.1 | 11.3±3.1 | 11.1±3.1 | 11.6±3.1 | 11.4±3.0 | 0.057 |
| 7 | 1477 (12.5) | 836 (13.0) | 445 (12.8) | 105 (10.1) | 91 (10.7) | |
| 8 | 1436 (12.2) | 748 (11.7) | 473 (13.6) | 128 (12.3) | 87 (10.2) | |
| 9 | 1364 (11.6) | 720 (11.2) | 440 (12.7) | 111 (10.7) | 93 (10.9) | |
| 10 | 1321 (11.2) | 726 (11.3) | 377 (10.8) | 95 (9.1) | 123 (14.4) | |
| 11 | 428 (3.6) | 217 (3.4) | 135 (3.9) | 42 (4.0) | 34 (4.0) | |
| 12 | 1366 (11.6) | 741 (11.6) | 408 (11.7) | 118 (11.3) | 99 (11.6) | |
| 13 | 1319 (11.2) | 696 (10.8) | 359 (10.3) | 149 (14.3) | 115 (13.5) | |
| 14 | 418 (3.5) | 236 (3.7) | 111 (3.2) | 44 (4.2) | 27 (3.2) | |
| 15 | 1167 (9.9) | 654 (10.2) | 335 (9.6) | 104 (10.0) | 74 (8.7) | |
| 16 | 1081 (9.2) | 608 (9.5) | 284 (8.2) | 108 (10.4) | 81 (9.5) | |
| 17 | 371 (3.1) | 212 (3.3) | 101 (2.9) | 34 (3.3) | 24 (2.8) | |
| 18 | 36 (0.3) | 21 (0.3) | 8 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | 4 (0.5) | ＜0.001 |
| WC | 66.0±10.9 | 64.5±10.1 | 67.1±11.1 | 68.0±11.2 | 70.8±12.5 | ＜0.001 |
| Systolic BP | 104.7±12.0 | 103.7±11.9 | 104.9±12.0 | 107.1±11.8 | 107.9±12.1 | ＜0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | 66.2±8.9 | 65.6±8.8 | 66.4±8.8 | 67.5±8.8 | 68.4±9.1 | ＜0.001 |
| Triglycerides | 0.9±0.5 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.9±0.5 | 1.0±0.4 | 1.0±0.5 | ＜0.001 |
| HDL-C | 1.4±0.3 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | ＜0.001 |
| Fasting glucose | 4.7±0.6 | 4.7±0.6 | 4.7±0.7 | 4.8±0.6 | 4.8±0.5 | ＜0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OW, overweight; WC, waist circumference.