Characteristic | All sample (n=429) | Not-ICU (n=347) | ICU (n=82) | P value | Alive (n=292) | Dead (n=137) | P value |
Age years, mean (SD) | 70 (18) | 71 (18) | 65 (17) | 0.002 | 65 (19) | 80 (10) | <0.001 |
Gender | |||||||
Male, n (%) | 242 (56.4%) | 184 (53%) | 58 (70.7%) | 0.004 | 163 (55.8%) | 79 (57.7%) | 0.72 |
Female, n (%) | 187 (43.6%) | 163 (47%) | 24 (29.3%) | 129 (44.2%) | 58 (42.3%) | ||
Ethnicity (n=407) | |||||||
White, n (%) | 295 (72.5%) | 240 (73.6%) | 55 (67.9%) | 0.30 | 193 (71.2%) | 102 (75.0%) | 0.42 |
Non-white, n (%) | 112 (27.5%) | 86 (26.3%) | 26 (32.1%) | 78 (28.8%) | 34 (25.0%) | ||
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.16 (7.85) | 27.91 (7.97) | 29.26 (7.28) | 0.18 | 28.66 (8.69) | 27.15 (5.68) | 0.052 |
Comorbidities (n=313–329) | |||||||
Other relevant risk factors, n (%) | 179 (56.6%) | 138 (55.0%) | 41 (63.1%) | 0.24 | 117 (54.9%) | 62 (60.2%) | 0.37 |
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 103 (31.3%) | 85 (32.6%) | 18 (26.5%) | 0.33 | 49 (22.3%) | 54 (49.5%) | <0.001 |
Dementia, n (%) | 57 (17.5%) | 51 (19.8%) | 6 (8.8%) | 0.047 | 20 (9.2%) | 37 (33.9%) | <0.001 |
Diabetes without complications, n (%) | 52 (16.2%) | 42 (16.5%) | 10 (15.4%) | 0.83 | 37 (17.3%) | 15 (14.2%) | 0.47 |
Pulmonary disease—not asthma, n (%) | 48 (14.8%) | 40 (15.6%) | 8 (11.8%) | 0.43 | 28 (13.0%) | 20 (18.2%) | 0.21 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 45 (13.9%) | 41 (16.0%) | 4 (6.0%) | 0.045 | 26 (11.9%) | 19 (17.9%) | 0.14 |
Asthma, n (%) | 42 (12.8%) | 29 (11.1%) | 13 (19.1%) | 0.07 | 29 (13.2%) | 13 (11.8%) | 0.71 |
Rheumatologic disorder, n (%) | 42 (12.9%) | 36 (14.0%) | 6 (8.8%) | 0.31 | 29 (13.2%) | 13 (12.1%) | 0.78 |
Neurological disorder, n (%) | 39 (12.1%) | 34 (13.4%) | 5 (7.4%) | 0.21 | 26 (12.1%) | 13 (12.1%) | 0.98 |
Malignancy, n (%) | 33 (10.3%) | 27 (10.7%) | 6 (8.8%) | 0.82 | 18 (8.4%) | 15 (14.2%) | 0.10 |
Diabetes—with complications, n (%) | 29 (9.1%) | 23 (9.1%) | 6 (9.2%) | 0.97 | 14 (6.6%) | 15 (14.3%) | 0.025 |
Immunosuppressants, n (%) | 21 (6.7%) | 19 (7.7%) | 2 (3.0%) | 0.26 | 15 (7.2%) | 6 (5.7%) | 0.81 |
Haematologic disease, n (%) | 7 (2.2%) | 5 (2.0%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0.64 | 4 (1.9%) | 3 (2.8%) | 0.69 |
Mod-severe liver disease, n (%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | -- | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | -- |
Mild liver disease, n (%) | 3 (0.9%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | -- | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | -- |
AIDS/HIV, n (%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.0%) | -- | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.9%) | -- |
Symptoms (n=210–329) | |||||||
Dyspnoea, n (%) | 243 (73.9%) | 180 (69.8%) | 63 (88.7%) | 0.001 | 158 (72.1%) | 85 (77.3%) | 0.31 |
Cough, n (%) | 222 (72.5%) | 161 (67.4%) | 61 (91.0%) | <0.001 | 156 (76.1%) | 66 (65.3%) | 0.048 |
History of fever, n (%) | 205 (67.4%) | 160 (66.7%) | 45 (70.3%) | 0.58 | 149 (71.6%) | 56 (58.3%) | 0.021 |
Fatigue, n (%) | 114 (41.3%) | 86 (40.4%) | 28 (44.4%) | 0.56 | 79 (43.2%) | 35 (37.6%) | 0.37 |
Altered consciousness confusion, n (%) | 75 (26.2%) | 67 (30.2%) | 8 (12.5%) | 0.005 | 36 (18.8%) | 39 (41.5%) | <0.001 |
Vomiting/nausea, n (%) | 56 (20.1%) | 47 (21.8%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.19 | 43 (23.1%) | 13 (14.0%) | 0.07 |
Myalgia, n (%) | 41 (15.6%) | 34 (16.7%) | 7 (12.1%) | 0.39 | 35 (20%) | 6 (6.9%) | 0.006 |
Chest pain, n (%) | 36 (13.5%) | 25 (12.1%) | 11 (18.0%) | 0.23 | 30 (16.9%) | 6 (6.7%) | 0.023 |
Diarrhoea, n (%) | 32 (11.5%) | 21 (9.7%) | 11 (17.7%) | 0.07 | 25 (13.4%) | 7 (7.6%) | 0.17 |
Sore throat, n (%) | 27 (10.5%) | 21 (10.3%) | 6 (10.9%) | 0.90 | 24 (12.8%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.009 |
Abdominal pain, n (%) | 30 (10.8%) | 24 (11.2%) | 6 (9.4%) | 0.82 | 24 (8.2%) | 6 (6.5%) | 0.15 |
Dehydration, n (%) | 22 (10.5%) | 21 (11.6%) | 1 (3.4%) | 0.32 | 6 (4.2%) | 16 (24.2%) | <0.001 |
Headache, n (%) | 15 (5.7%) | 12 (5.9%) | 3 (5.1%) | 0.99 | 13 (7.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.16 |
Skin ulcers, n (%) | 11 (4%) | 11 (5.2%) | 0 (0%) | -- | 3 (1.6%) | 8 (8.9%) | 0.007 |
Arthralgia, n (%) | 10 (3.8%) | 7 (3.5%) | 3 (5.1%) | 0.69 | 10 (5.8%) | 0 (0%) | -- |
Seizures, n (%) | 3 (1.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0.53 | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | -- |
Skin rash, n (%) | 2 (0.7%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | -- | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.55 |
Rhinorrhoea, n (%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | -- | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | -- |
BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; n, sample size.