Participants’ characteristics
| Characteristics | N (%) | Mean±SD | |
| Age (years) | 58.1±10.6 | ||
| Gender | Female | 258 (60.3) | |
| Ethnicity | Malay | 185 (43.8) | |
| Chinese | 96 (22.7) | ||
| Indian | 141 (33.4) | ||
| Marital status | Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 99 (23.2) | |
| Married | 328 (76.8) | ||
| Highest educational attainment | Primary school | 133 (31.2) | |
| Junior high school | 126 (29.6) | ||
| High school | 113 (26.5) | ||
| University/masters/PhD | 54 (12.7) | ||
| Employment status | Yes | 152 (35.9) | |
| No, never worked | 123 (29.1) | ||
| No, stop working or retired | 148 (35.0) | ||
| Monthly income | Less than minimum wage | 243 (56.8) | |
| Health insurance ownership | No | 330 (77.6) | |
| English fluency | Not fluent | 275 (64.3) | |
| Bahasa Malaysia fluency | Not fluent | 87 (20.3) | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 5.70±3.48 | ||
| Attended diabetes education session(s) | Yes | 199 (46.5) | |
| Perceived social support (MSPSS Score) | 5.23±0.92 | ||
| Glycaemic control | Have not achieved target | 295 (68.9) | |
| Blood pressure control | Have not achieved target | 130 (30.4) | |
| Diabetes knowledge test (MDKT Score) | 7.70±2.31 | ||
MDKT, michigan diabetes knowledge test; MSPSS, multidimensional scale of perceived social support.