Table 3

Prevalence and bivariate analysis between explanatory variables and ever heard of fistula among women of reproductive age

VariableEver heard of fistulaP value
Prevalence (%; 95% CI)Crude OR (95% CI)
Demographic
Age group (years)
 15–1941.5 (39.5–43.5)Reference
 20–2453.8 (51.8–55.8)1.64 (1.49–1.81)<0.001
 25–2955.5 (53.6–57.4)1.76 (1.60–1.93)<0.001
 30–3454.5 (52.2–56.9)1.69 (1.52–1.88)<0.001
 35–3955.1 (52.3–57.8)1.73 (1.54–1.94)<0.001
 40–4454.1 (51.6–56.5)1.66 (1.48–1.86)<0.001
 45–4955.8 (53.3–58.3)1.78 (1.59–1.99)<0.001
Region
 North Central46.6 (44.1–49.1)Reference
 North East61.3 (58.5–64.0)1.81 (1.56–2.12)<0.001
 North West80.6 (78.6–82.5)4.76 (4.06–5.59)<0.001
 South East27.8 (24.8–30.9)0.44 (0.37–0.53)<0.001
 South South35.9 (33.0–39.0)0.64 (0.55–0.76)<0.001
 South West22.2 (19.9–24.7)0.33 (0.28–0.39)<0.001
Place of residence
 Urban43.4 (41.3–45.6)Reference
 Rural59.0 (57.5–60.5)1.87 (1.68–2.09)<0.001
Ethnicity
 Fulani63.7 (58.6–68.5)Reference
 Hausa79.2 (77.2–81.2)2.17 (1.71–2.77)<0.001
 Igbo30.1 (27.6–32.8)0.25 (0.19–0.31)<0.001
 Yoruba22.5 (19.9–25.2)0.16 (0.13–0.21)<0.001
 Others ethnic minorities47.4 (45.5–49.2)0.51 (0.41–0.64)<0.001
Religion
 Catholic38.8 (35.6–42.1)Reference
 Other Christians36.7 (34.7–38.7)0.91 (0.77–1.07)0.264
 Islam64.5 (62.2–66.6)2.85 (2.42–3.37)<0.001
 Traditional29.5 (23.6–36.2)0.66 (0.47–0.92)0.015
 Others3.7 (1.2–11.0)0.06 (0.02–0.20)<0.001
Highest education level
 No education67.7 (65.8–69.6)Reference
 Primary47.0 (44.4–49.7)0.42 (0.54–5.09)<0.001
 Secondary38.6 (36.8–40.3)0.30 (0.27–0.33)<0.001
 Higher54.0 (51.2–56.8)0.56 (0.48–0.64)<0.001
Currently working
 No52.5 (50.6–54.4)Reference
 Yes51.6 (50.2–53.1)0.97 (0.89–1.04)0.376
Wealth quintiles
 Poorest68.4 (65.5–71.1)Reference
 Poorer60.1 (57.6–62.6)0.70 (0.60–0.81)<0.001
 Middle48.5 (46.1–50.9)0.44 (0.37–0.51)<0.001
 Richer41.9 (38.4–45.4)0.33 (0.27–0.41)<0.001
 Richest44.1 (41.3–46.9)0.37 (0.31–0.44)<0.001
Access to Information
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine
 Not at all53.2 (51.7–54.7)Reference
 Less than once a week42.1 (39.5–44.7)0.64 (0.57–0.72)<0.001
 At least once a week53.5 (49.7–57.2)1.01 (0.87–1.19)0.875
Frequency of listening to radio
 Not at all55.2 (53.3–57.1)Reference
 Less than once a week48.2 (46.3–50.1)0.75 (0.68–0.83)<0.001
 At least once a week50.3 (48.2–52.4)0.82 (0.75–0.91)<0.001
Frequency of watching TV
 Not at all61.4 (59.7–63.1)Reference
 Less than once a week42.3 (40.0–44.5)0.46 (0.41–0.51)<0.001
 At least once a week43.4 (40.8–45.9)0.48 (0.42–0.55)<0.001
Own a mobile phone
 No57.5 (55.8–59.2)Reference
 Yes47.4 (45.7–49.0)0.67 (0.61–0.72)<0.001
Use of Internet
 Never53.5 (51.9–55.0)Reference
 In the last 12 months45.6 (43.1–48.1)0.73 (0.65–0.82)<0.001
 Before last 12 months37.0 (31.8–42.4)0.51 (0.40–0.64)<0.001
Reproductive/sexual history
Ever had a child
 No41.1 (39.4–42.9)Reference
 Yes56.6 (55.1–58.1)1.87 (1.73–2.02)<0.001
Age at first sex
 Not had sex39.4 (36.8–41.9)Reference
 <15 years64.1 (61.8–66.3)2.75 (2.41–3.15)<0.001
 15–17 years58.1 (56.2–59.9)2.13 (1.90–2.40)<0.001
 18–25 years45.3 (43.5–47.1)1.28 (1.15–1.42)<0.001
 ≥25 years44.1 (37.9–50.4)1.21 (0.94–1.56)0.131
Currently pregnant
 No or unsure51.0 (49.6–52.4)Reference
 Yes60.5 (58.0–62.8)1.47 (1.33–1.63)<0.001
Ever had a terminated pregnancy
 No50.7 (49.3–52.1)Reference
 Yes61.8 (59.4–64.1)1.57 (1.42–1.75)<0.001
Current use of contraceptive method
 No method53.7 (52.4–55.0)Reference
 Folkloric method30.1 (15.7–51.2)0.38 (0.16–0.89)0.026
 Traditional method31.3 (26.9–36.0)0.39 (0.32–0.48)<0.001
 Modern method43.7 (40.7–46.7)0.67 (0.59–0.75)<0.001