Clinical, laboratory and diagnosis imaging characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who have been admitted in ICU
| ICU patients cohort (n=81) | <65-year-old patients (n=575) | |||
| Admitted to ICU (n=50) | Non-admitted to ICU (n=525) | P value | ||
| Age* | 62 (51–71) (N=81) | 54 (48–60) (N=50) | 53 (45–59) (N=525) | 0.625 |
| Male† | 60/81 (74.1) | 21/50 (42.0) | 325/525 (61.9) | 0.048 |
| Migrant† | 25/81 (30.9) | 21/50 (42.0) | 238/525 (45.3) | 0.651 |
| Influenza vaccine 19/20† | 12/42 (28.6) | 5/28 (17.9) | 75/395 (19.0) | 0.883 |
| Clinical background | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease† | 17/81 (21.0) | 6/50 (12.0) | 29/523 (5.5) | 0.069 |
| High blood pressure† | 43/81 (53.1) | 23/50 (46.0) | 147/524 (28.1) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 23/81 (28.4) | 10/50 (20.0) | 65/519 (12.5) | 0.315 |
| Tobacco smoker/ex-smoker† | 23/76 (30.3) | 13/49 (26.5) | 98/450 (21.8) | 0.447 |
| Obesity† | 23/81 (28.4) | 17/50 (34.0) | 80/520 (15.4) | 0.001 |
| COPD† | 7/81 (8.6) | 4/50 (8.0) | 30/521 (5.8) | 0.522 |
| Asthma† | 5/81 (6.2) | 4/50 (8.0) | 43/522 (8.2) | 0.117 |
| OSAS† | 8/39 (20.5) | 8/27 (29.6) | 22/332 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Thromboembolic disease† | 2/40 (5.0) | 2/28 (7.1) | 8/338 (2.4) | 0.136 |
| Neurological disease† | 5/80 (6.3) | 2/49 (4.1) | 31/521 (6.0) | 0.786 |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 5/81 (6.2) | 3/50 (6.0) | 12/522 (2.3) | 0.118 |
| Liver cirrhosis† | 1/80 (1.3) | 1/50 (2.0) | 11/522 (2.1) | 0.117 |
| Haematological/oncological cancer† | 4/81 (4.9) | 1/50 (2.0) | 19/523 (3.6) | 0.548 |
| HIV† | 0/81 (0.0) | 0/50 (0.0) | 7/522 (1.3) | 0.529 |
| Clinical and laboratory presentation | ||||
| Heart rate (beats per minute)* | 94 (83–107) (N=73) | 54 (48–60) (N=50) | 53 (45–59) (N=525) | 0.625 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)* | 23 (18–30) (N=44) | 24 (18–30) (N=33) | 18 (16–20) (N=222) | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 133 (119–142) (N=66) | 128 (118–141) (N=42) | 125 (114–137) (N=292) | 0.591 |
| SpO2 (%)* | 88 (76–93) (N=69) | 88 (66–94) (N=44) | 96 (92–97) (N=454) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 <90%† | 39/81 (48.1) | 26/50 (52.0) | 53/525 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 after oxygen administration (%)* | 95 (90–97) (N=39) | 95 (90–98) (N=27) | 96 (94–98) (N=91) | 0.813 |
| SpO2 <90% after oxygen administration† | 9/81 (11.1) | 5/50 (10.0) | 0/525 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)* | 13.9 (11.9–15.0) (N=81) | 14.1 (12.1–15.2) (N=50) | 14.1 (13.1–15.1) (N=493) | 0.946 |
| Neutrophils (cells count/µL)* | 6300 (4500–9300) (N=81) | 7000 (4600–8800) (N=50) | 4700 (3500–6700) (N=495) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (cells count/µL)* | 900 (600–1200) (N=81) | 900 (700–1300) (N=50) | 1100 (800–1400) (N=495) | 0.252 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio* | 6.64 (5.0–12.7) (N=81) | 6.69 (4.8–12.3) (N=50) | 4.4 (2.9–7.1) (N=495) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L)* | 209 (170–267) (N=81) | 205 (172–265) (N=50) | 213 (171–274) (N=495) | 0.777 |
| INR* | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=81) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=50) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) (N=484) | 0.035 |
| D-dimer (mg/L)* | 940 (485–2095) (N=56) | 790 (470–2350) (N=35) | 640 (400–1080) (N=334) | 0.163 |
| LDH (U/L)* | 408 (279–542) (N=70) | 415 (279–605) (N=43) | 271 (215–348) (N=430) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L)* | 45 (32–67) (N=80) | 50 (34–80) (N=50) | 44 (30–66) (N=494) | 0.075 |
| AST (U/L)* | 59 (40–82) (N=79) | 60 (43–85) (N=50) | 40 (29–57) (N=485) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)* | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) (N=78) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) (N=48) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) (N=480) | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L)* | 1157 (481–2054) (N=80) | 1234 (678–2133) (N=49) | 522 (174–1152) (N=494) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis imaging | ||||
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates† | 61/74 (82.4) | 40/46 (87.0) | 388/476 (81.5) | 0.359 |
| Interstitial pulmonary infiltrates† | 61/81 (75.3) | 38/50 (76.0) | 360/525 (68.6) | 0.277 |
| Alveolar pulmonary infiltrates† | 51/81 (63.0) | 33/50 (66.0) | 230/525 (43.8) | 0.003 |
| Respiratory supplementation | ||||
| Oxygen therapy† | 77/81 (95.1) | 47/50 (94.0) | 345/516 (66.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation† | 38/80 (47.5) | 26/49 (53.1) | 25/513 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation† | 67/81 (82.7) | 43/50 (86.0) | 0/514 (0.0) | <0.001 |
Comparison between patients under 65 years of age admitted to ICU versus non-admitted to ICU.
*Continuous variable (median, IQR, N)
†Categorical variables (n/N, %)
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; SpO2, partial oxygen saturation.