Clinical, laboratory and diagnosis imaging characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who died or recovered
| Death (n=296) | Recovered (n=1097) | P value | |
| Age* | 82 (71.5–87) (N=246) | 65 (53–78) (N=1097) | <0.001 |
| Male† | 208/296 (70.3) | 593/1097 (54.1) | <0.001 |
| Migrant† | 41/296 (13.8) | 296/1097 (27.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical background | |||
| Influenza vaccine 19/20† | 113/183 (61.7) | 342/820 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease† | 124/296 (41.9) | 217/1093 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure† | 208/296 (70.3) | 565/1096 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 90/295 (30.5) | 260/1090 (23.8) | 0.038 |
| Tobacco smoker/ex-smoker† | 111/260 (42.7) | 236/950 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Obesity† | 42/292 (14.4) | 169/1085 (15.6) | 0.169 |
| COPD† | 67/293 (22.9) | 120/1092 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Asthma† | 17/296 (5.7) | 95/1093 (8.7) | 0.166 |
| OSAS† | 20/156 (12.8) | 53/687 (7.7) | 0.041 |
| Thromboembolic disease† | 11/161 (6.8) | 26/681 (3.8) | 0.093 |
| Neurological disease† | 59/293 (20.1) | 101/1091 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 40/295 (13.6) | 58/1092 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis† | 8/292 (2.7) | 17/1093 (1.5) | 0.352 |
| Haematological/oncological cancer† | 48/293 (16.4) | 50/1092 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| HIV† | 0/295 (0.0) | 8/1091 (0.7) | 0.327 |
| Clinical and laboratory presentation | |||
| Heart rate (beats per minute)* | 88 (78–102) (N=242) | 88 (78–100) (N=881) | 0.856 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)* | 21.5 (16–28) (N=116) | 18 (16–20.5) (N=397) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 130 (111–147) (N=217) | 130 (117–143) (N=683) | 0.877 |
| SpO2 (%)* | 89 (82–93) (N=239) | 95 (92–97) (N=945) | 0.033 |
| SpO2 <90%† | 121/203 (59.6) | 152/945 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 after oxygen administration (%)* | 94 (90.5–97) (N=112) | 96 (94–98) (N=203) | 0.003 |
| SpO2 <90% after oxygen administration† | 18/112 (16.1) | 7/203 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)* | 12.70 (11.00–14.50) (N=292) | 13.70 (12.60–14.70) (N=1054) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils (cells count/µL)* | 6100 (4200–8550) (N=292) | 4800 (3500–6800) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (cells count/µL)* | 800 (500–1100) (N=292) | 1000 (800–1300) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio* | 7.17 (4.3–12.9) (N=292) | 4.67 (3.1–7.4) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L)* | 190 (142.5–263.5) (N=292) | 209 (162–273) (N=1057) | 0.040 |
| INR* | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) (N=283) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=1026) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L)* | 1060 (570–2560) (N=167) | 750 (450–1330) (N=685) | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L)* | 345 (249–479) (N=235) | 259 (210–331) (N=887) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L)* | 31 (23–47) (N=287) | 36 (25–55) (N=1050) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L)* | 47 (30–67) (N=284) | 38 (28–55) (N=1035) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) (N=285) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) (N=1032) | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L)* | 105.9 (36.2–182.4) (N=291) | 53.8 (18.3–111.4) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis imaging | |||
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates† | 218/259 (84.2) | 762/960 (79.4) | 0.084 |
| Interstitial pulmonary infiltrates† | 182/296 (61.5) | 689/1097 (62.8) | 0.677 |
| Alveolar pulmonary infiltrates† | 153/296 (51.7) | 458/1097 (41.7) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory supplementation | |||
| Oxygen therapy† | 285/292 (97.6) | 458/1075 (76.5) | 0.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation† | 57/289 (19.7) | 64/1072 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation† | 46/292 (15.7) | 15/1075 (1.4) | <0.001 |
*Continuous variable (median, IQR, N)
†Categorical variable (n/N, %)
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; SpO2, partial oxygen saturation.