Participants’ activities of daily living, objective measurements and long-term care risk
| Yangon | Bago | ||||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||
| N=222 | N=378 | N=261 | N=339 | ||||||
| General health condition | |||||||||
| Self-rated health | Excellent | 7 | (3.2%) | 6 | (1.6%) | 4 | (1.5%) | 2 | (0.6%) |
| Good | 105 | (47.3%) | 115 | (30.4%) | 62 | (23.8%) | 53 | (15.6%) | |
| Fair | 86 | (38.7%) | 166 | (43.9%) | 111 | (42.5%) | 140 | (41.3%) | |
| Poor | 24 | (10.8%) | 91 | (24.1%) | 84 | (32.2%) | 144 | (42.5%) | |
| Score for the Geriatric Depression Scale | 0–4 | 203 | (92.3%) | 295 | (78.9%) | 195 | (75.0%) | 228 | (68.7%) |
| 5–9 | 17 | (7.7%) | 79 | (21.1%) | 65 | (25.0%) | 101 | (30.4%) | |
| ≥10 | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 3 | (0.9%) | |
| Happiness | |||||||||
| Score for the Cantril Ladder | Average±SD | 7.0±1.8 | 6.6±1.9 | 6.8±2.1 | 6.2±2.1 | ||||
| Disability | |||||||||
| Difficulty seeing | No difficulty | 91 | (41.0%) | 115 | (30.4%) | 81 | (31.0%) | 102 | (30.1%) |
| Some difficulty | 125 | (56.3%) | 241 | (63.8%) | 160 | (61.3%) | 218 | (64.3%) | |
| Significant difficulty | 6 | (2.7%) | 22 | (5.8%) | 20 | (7.7%) | 19 | (5.6%) | |
| Cannot see at all | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
| Difficulty hearing | No difficulty | 177 | (79.7%) | 298 | (78.8%) | 211 | (80.8%) | 269 | (79.4%) |
| Some difficulty | 39 | (17.6%) | 69 | (18.3%) | 44 | (16.9%) | 65 | (19.2%) | |
| Significant difficulty | 5 | (2.3%) | 11 | (2.9%) | 6 | (2.3%) | 5 | (1.5%) | |
| Cannot hear at all | 1 | (0.5%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
| Difficulty walking | No difficulty | 106 | (47.7%) | 96 | (25.4%) | 102 | (39.1%) | 71 | (20.9%) |
| Some difficulty | 103 | (46.4%) | 244 | (64.6%) | 145 | (55.6%) | 234 | (69.0%) | |
| Significant difficulty | 12 | (5.4%) | 36 | (9.5%) | 14 | (5.4%) | 34 | (10.0%) | |
| Cannot walk at all | 1 | (0.5%) | 2 | (0.5%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
| Difficulty remembering or concentrating | No difficulty | 130 | (58.6%) | 180 | (47.6%) | 126 | (48.3%) | 100 | (29.5%) |
| Some difficulty | 90 | (40.5%) | 193 | (51.1%) | 133 | (51.0%) | 226 | (66.7%) | |
| Significant difficulty | 2 | (0.9%) | 5 | (1.3%) | 2 | (0.8%) | 13 | (3.8%) | |
| Cannot remember or concentrate at all | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
| Activities of daily living (Katz Index) | |||||||||
| Bathing | Do not need assistance | 218 | (98.2%) | 365 | (96.6%) | 258 | (98.9%) | 333 | (98.2%) |
| Need assistance | 4 | (1.8%) | 13 | (3.4%) | 3 | (1.1%) | 6 | (1.8%) | |
| Dressing | Do not need assistance | 220 | (99.1%) | 367 | (97.1%) | 259 | (99.2%) | 334 | (98.5) |
| Need assistance | 2 | (0.9%) | 11 | (2.9%) | 2 | (0.8%) | 5 | (1.5%) | |
| Toileting | Need assistance | 2 | (0.9%) | 11 | (2.9%) | 1 | (0.4%) | 7 | (2.1%) |
| Transferring | Do not need assistance | 221 | (99.5%) | 369 | (97.6%) | 260 | (99.6%) | 334 | (98.5%) |
| Need assistance | 1 | (0.5%) | 9 | (2.4%) | 1 | (0.4%) | 5 | (1.5%) | |
| Continence | Complete self-control | 201 | (90.5%) | 335 | (88.6%) | 223 | (85.4%) | 286 | (84.4%) |
| Partially or totally incontinent | 21 | (9.5%) | 43 | (11.4%) | 38 | (14.6%) | 53 | (15.6%) | |
| Feeding | Do not need assistance | 221 | (99.5%) | 368 | (97.4%) | 260 | (99.6%) | 337 | (99.4%) |
| Need assistance | 1 | (0.5%) | 10 | (2.6%) | 1 | (0.4%) | 2 | (0.6%) | |
| Instrumental activities of daily living | |||||||||
| Modified TMIG Index | Average±SD | ||||||||
| Total (full score: 10) | 7.3±2.1 | 6.5±2.7 | 6.1±2.0 | 5.8±2.1 | |||||
| Instrumental self-maintenance (full score: 3) | 1.8±1.0 | 1.9±1.1 | 1.2±1.0 | 1.5±1.0 | |||||
| Intellectual activity (full score: 3) | 2.3±1.0 | 1.7±1.1 | 1.5±1.1 | 1.0±0.9 | |||||
| Social role (full score: 4) | 3.2±1.0 | 2.8±1.3 | 3.5±0.8 | 3.3±1.0 | |||||
| Measured variables | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | Average±SD | 142±21 | 141±22 | 144±22 | 145±22 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | Average±SD | 86±12 | 84±12 | 89±13 | 85±12 | ||||
| Body height | Average±SD | 162.3±7.4 | 150.2±6 | 162.8±5.2 | 150.5±5.8 | ||||
| Body weight | Average±SD | 60.1±12.5 | 54±12.8 | 52.3±10.7 | 45.1±11.2 | ||||
| Body mass index | Average±SD | 22.8±4.3 | 23.9±5.3 | 19.7±3.8 | 19.9±4.7 | ||||
| Grip strength | Average±SD | 29.5±7 | 17.9±4.9 | 28.4±7.1 | 17.7±4.8 | ||||
| Long-term care risks | |||||||||
| Physical function | |||||||||
| Decline in physical function | No | 184 | (82.9%) | 224 | (59.3%) | 199 | (76.2%) | 182 | (53.7%) |
| Yes | 38 | (17.1%) | 154 | (40.7%) | 62 | (23.8%) | 157 | (46.3%) | |
| Oral function | |||||||||
| Number of natural teeth | None | 4 | (1.8%) | 26 | (6.9%) | 6 | (2.3%) | 13 | (3.8%) |
| 1–4 | 15 | (6.8%) | 29 | (7.7%) | 15 | (5.7%) | 35 | (10.3%) | |
| 5–9 | 17 | (7.7%) | 44 | (11.6%) | 30 | (11.5%) | 48 | (14.2%) | |
| 10–19 | 54 | (24.3%) | 67 | (17.7%) | 61 | (23.4%) | 65 | (19.2%) | |
| ≥20 | 132 | (59.5%) | 212 | (56.1%) | 149 | (57.1%) | 178 | (52.5%) | |
| Cognitive function | |||||||||
| AMT score | 9–10 | 199 | (89.6%) | 249 | (65.9%) | 203 | (77.8%) | 158 | (46.6%) |
| 7–8 | 23 | (10.4%) | 129 | (34.1%) | 58 | (22.2%) | 181 | (53.4%) | |
| Homebound | |||||||||
| Frequency of outdoor excursions | More than once a week | 197 | (88.7%) | 329 | (87.0%) | 255 | (97.7%) | 323 | (95.3%) |
| Less than once a week | 25 | (11.3%) | 49 | (13.0%) | 6 | (2.3%) | 16 | (4.7%) | |
| Falling | |||||||||
| Number of falls within the past year | Two or more | 5 | (2.3%) | 22 | (5.8%) | 12 | (4.6%) | 36 | (10.6%) |
| Once | 31 | (14.0%) | 69 | (18.3%) | 32 | (12.3%) | 67 | (19.8%) | |
| None | 186 | (83.8%) | 287 | (75.9%) | 216 | (83.1%) | 236 | (69.6%) | |
| Expected care provider | |||||||||
| Having a potential care provider | Yes | 154 | (69.4%) | 299 | (79.1%) | 218 | (83.5%) | 284 | (83.8%) |
| No | 65 | (29.3%) | 73 | (19.3%) | 43 | (16.5%) | 52 | (15.3%) | |
| I don't know | 3 | (1.4%) | 6 | (1.6%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 3 | (0.9%) | |
| Possible care provider(s) | Spouse | 60 | (39.0%) | 22 | (7.4%) | 51 | (23.4%) | 13 | (4.6%) |
| Child(ren) | 120 | (77.9%) | 251 | (83.9%) | 197 | (90.4%) | 255 | (89.8%) | |
| Child(ren)-in-law | 1 | (0.6%) | 12 | (4.0%) | 4 | (1.8%) | 4 | (1.4%) | |
| Brother/sister | 3 | (1.9%) | 22 | (7.4%) | 2 | (0.9%) | 13 | (4.6%) | |
| Relative(s) | 6 | (3.9%) | 25 | (8.4%) | 10 | (4.6%) | 18 | (6.3%) | |
| Friend(s) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.3%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | |
| Neighbour(s) | 0 | (0.0%) | 3 | (1.0%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 2 | (0.7%) | |
| Other | 1 | (0.6%) | 2 | (0.7%) | 0 | (0.0%) | 1 | (0.4%) | |
AMT, abbreviated mental test; TMIG, Tokyo metropolitan institute of gerontology index of competence.