Isolation, COVID-19 infection and mental health
| n (col %) | Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2) | Anxiety symptoms (GAD-2) | Burn-out | ||||
| M (SD) | B (95% CI) | M (SD) | B (95% CI) | M (SD) | B (95% CI) | ||
| Isolation | |||||||
| Isolated yourself while caring for COVID-19 patients | |||||||
| No | 1191 (58.61) | 1.60 (1.54) | REF | 2.17 (2.27 | REF | 2.82 (1.78) | REF |
| Yes | 841 (41.39) | 2.01 (1.66) | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.55) | 2.48 (1.88) | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.46) | 3.09 (1.87) | 0.27 (0.10 to 0.43) |
| Sent cohabitants away from home | |||||||
| No | 1825 (92.73) | 1.77 (1.60) | REF | 2.28 (1.80) | REF | 2.91 (1.83) | REF |
| Yes | 143 (7.27) | 1.92 (1.56) | 0.15 (−0.12 to 0.43) | 2.54 (1.80) | 0.26 (−0.06 to 0.57) | 3.24 (1.80) | 0.32 (0.01 to 0.64) |
| Moved into a different residence temporarily | |||||||
| No | 1730 (87.91) | 1.76 (1.59) | REF | 2.26 (1.79) | REF | 2.92 (1.81) | REF |
| Yes | 238 (12.09%) | 1.93 (1.67) | 0.17 (−0.05 to 0.39) | 2.60 (1.89) | 0.34 (0.09 to 0.59) | 3.09 (1.91) | 0.18 (−0.08 to 0.43) |
| Took all necessary precautions at home | |||||||
| No | 847 (43.04) | 1.78 (1.65) | REF | 2.18 (1.79) | REF | 2.92 (1.86) | REF |
| Yes | 1121 (56.96) | 1.78 (1.56) | −0.00 (−0.15 to 0.14) | 2.39 (1.81) | 0.21 (0.05 to 0.37) | 2.95 (1.80) | 0.02 (−0.14 to 0.19) |
| Live alone so I did not need to self-isolate | |||||||
| No | 1674 (85.06) | 1.73 (1.55) | REF | 2.33 (1.79) | REF | 2.93 (1.83) | REF |
| Yes | 294 (14.94) | 2.08 (1.83) | 0.35 (0.15 to 0.55) | 2.11 (1.87) | −0.22 (−0.45 to 0.01) | 3.00 (1.83) | 0.08 (−0.15 to 0.31) |
| Did not take any precautions at home | |||||||
| No | 1588 (80.69) | 1.86 (1.63) | REF | 2.37 (1.82) | REF | 2.98 (1.82) | REF |
| Yes | 380 (19.31) | 1.43 (1.43) | −0.43 (−0.61 to −0.25) | 2.01 (1.71) | −0.36 (−0.57 to -0.16) | 2.74 (1.85) | −0.24 (−0.45 to −0.04) |
| COVID-19 infection | |||||||
| Probable/confirmed COVID-19 infection | |||||||
| No | 1442 (70.69) | 1.68 (1.58) | REF | 2.20 (1.77) | REF | 2.77 (1.77) | REF |
| Yes | 598 (29.31) | 1.99 (1.65) | 0.31 (0.16 to 0.47) | 2.54 (1.87) | 0.34 (0.17 to 0.52) | 3.31 (1.90) | 0.54 (0.36 to 0.71) |
| If you tested positive or had symptoms of COVID-19, did any of your family members | |||||||
| No | 460 (64.25) | 1.92 (1.69) | REF | 2.29 (1.82) | REF | 3.08 (1.90) | REF |
| Yes | 74 (10.34) | 2.01 (1.69) | 0.10 (−0.31 to 0.51) | 2.59 (2.05) | 0.30 (−0.15 to 0.75) | 3.32 (1.92) | 0.24 (−0.23 to 0.70) |
| Unsure | 182 (25.42) | 2.05 (1.52) | 0.13 (−0.15 to 0.42) | 2.71 (1.73) | 0.42 (0.10 to 0.74) | 3.26 (1.79) | 0.19 (−0.14 to 0.52) |
| Did your family member die from this disease? | |||||||
| No | 73 (98.65) | 2.04 (1.68) | REF | 2.61 (2.06) | REF | 3.28 (1.91) | REF |
| Yes | 1 (1.35) | 0.00 (0.00) | Not estimable | 1.00 (0.00) | Not estimable | 6.00 (0.00) | Not estimable |
| Did anyone in your family die from COVID-19? | |||||||
| No | 1929 (94.74) | 1.77 (1.60) | REF | 2.30 (1.80) | REF | 2.92 (1.82) | REF |
| Yes | 107 (5.26) | 1.90 (1.78) | 0.14 (−0.18 to 0.46) | 2.31 (1.97) | 0.02 (−0.34 to 0.37) | 3.03 (1.92) | 0.11 (−0.25 to 0.47) |
| Did you have a coworker that contracted COVID-19? | |||||||
| No | 349 (17.18) | 1.44 (1.54) | REF | 1.98 (1.74) | REF | 2.45 (1.76) | REF |
| Yes | 1456 (71.65) | 1.81 (1.60) | 0.37 (0.18 to 0.56) | 2.32 (1.80) | 0.34 (0.13 to 0.56) | 2.97 (1.81) | 0.52 (0.31 to 0.74) |
| Unsure | 227 (11.17) | 2.00 (1.67) | 0.56 (0.29 to 0.83) | 2.63 (1.88) | 0.66 (0.36 to 0.96) | 3.33 (1.87) | 0.88 (0.57 to 1.18) |
| Do you know anyone in your department who is/was admitted to the hospital because of COVID-19? | |||||||
| No | 1174 (57.92) | 1.65 (1.56) | REF | 2.28 (1.81) | REF | 2.85 (1.81) | REF |
| Yes | 853 (42.08) | 1.94 (1.66) | 0.29 (0.15 to 0.43) | 2.33 (1.81) | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | 3.02 (1.83) | 0.17 (0.01 to 0.33) |
| Do you know anyone in your department who died because of COVID-19? | |||||||
| No | 1724 (84.93) | 1.73 (1.57) | REF | 2.28 (1.80) | REF | 2.90 (1.81) | REF |
| Yes | 226 (11.13) | 1.93 (1.71) | 0.20 (−0.02 to 0.42) | 2.33 (1.80) | 0.04 (−0.21 to 0.30) | 3.01 (1.86) | 0.11 (−0.15 to 0.36) |
| Unsure | 80 (3.94) | 2.29 (1.95) | 0.57 (0.20 to 0.93) | 2.58 (1.98) | 0.30 (−0.11 to 0.71) | 3.15 (1.96) | 0.25 (−0.16 to 0.67) |
| Approximately how many COVID-19 patients did you treat in the past 6 months? | |||||||
| 1–10 patients | 537 (28.19) | 1.60 (1.58) | REF | 2.28 (1.82) | REF | 2.79 (1.80) | REF |
| 11–50 patients | 711 (37.32) | 1.84 (1.60) | 0.24 (0.06 to 0.42) | 2.39 (1.83) | 0.11 (−0.09 to 0.32) | 2.96 (1.83) | 0.17 (−0.04 to 0.37) |
| 51–100 patients | 331 (17.38) | 1.79 (1.56) | 0.19 (−0.03 to 0.41) | 2.16 (1.76) | −0.11 (−0.36 to 0.14) | 3.01 (1.78) | 0.22 (−0.03 to 0.47) |
| >100 patients | 326 (17.11) | 1.87 (1.64) | 0.27 (0.05 to 0.50) | 2.24 (1.71) | −0.04 (−0.28 to 0.21) | 2.99 (1.83) | 0.20 (−0.05 to 0.45) |
| What percentage of your working hours put you in close contact with COVID-19 patients | |||||||
| Less than 25% | 702 (36.49) | 1.59 (1.50) | REF | 2.19 (1.71) | REF | 2.68 (1.70) | REF |
| 25%–50% of the time | 438 (22.77) | 1.71 (1.53) | 0.12 (−0.07 to 0.31) | 2.25 (1.81) | 0.06 (-0.16 to 0.27) | 2.94 (1.85) | 0.26 (0.04 to 0.48) |
| Over 50% of the time | 784 (40.75) | 1.96 (1.70) | 0.37 (0.21 to 0.54) | 2.40 (1.86) | 0.20 (0.02 to 0.39) | 3.15 (1.86) | 0.46 (0.28 to 0.65) |
GAD-2, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-2; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-2.