Descriptive statistics for study variables
| Variable description | Observations | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum |
| Health expenditure variables | |||||
| Public health grant: expenditure per person, £, 2013/2014 | 152 | 52.6 | 25.2 | 18.5 | 186.2 |
| Healthcare spend per person, £, 2013/2014 | 151 | 1152.1 | 75.8 | 1019.9 | 1479.1 |
| Mortality variable | |||||
| Standardised years of life lost rate, 2013/2014/2015 | 151 | 443.3 | 85.0 | 267.5 | 775.9 |
| Instruments for expenditure | |||||
| Distance from target (public health) | 152 | 1.0667 | 0.5362 | 0.5392 | 6.6247 |
| Market Forces Factor (public health) | 152 | 1.0122 | 0.0790 | 0.9151 | 1.2076 |
| Distance from target (healthcare: total) | 152 | 1.0055 | 0.0515 | 0.9282 | 1.2250 |
| Age index (healthcare: prescribing) | 152 | 0.9776 | 0.1283 | 0.6422 | 1.3007 |
| Market Forces Factor (healthcare: HCHS) | 152 | 1.0063 | 0.0643 | 0.9319 | 1.1416 |
| Socioeconomic controls | |||||
| Proportion of all residents born outside the European Union | 152 | 0.1281 | 0.1147 | 0.0144 | 0.5060 |
| Proportion of population in white ethnic group | 152 | 0.8364 | 0.1626 | 0.2897 | 0.9882 |
| Proportion of population providing unpaid care | 152 | 0.1008 | 0.0138 | 0.0651 | 0.1289 |
| Proportion of population aged 16–74 with no qualifications | 152 | 0.2469 | 0.0606 | 0.0720 | 0.3874 |
| Proportion of households without a car | 152 | 0.2862 | 0.1248 | 0.0899 | 0.6940 |
| Proportion of households that are owner occupied | 152 | 0.6190 | 0.1152 | 0.2611 | 0.8086 |
| Proportion of households that are one pensioner households, 2011 | 152 | 0.1206 | 0.0208 | 0.0596 | 0.1667 |
| Proportion of households that are lone parent households with dependent children | 152 | 0.0745 | 0.0185 | 0.0208 | 0.1436 |
| Proportion of population aged 16–74 that are permanently sick | 152 | 0.0424 | 0.0149 | 0.0086 | 0.0879 |
| Proportion of those aged 16–74 that are long-term unemployed | 152 | 0.0183 | 0.0058 | 0.0043 | 0.0367 |
| Proportion of those aged 16–74 in employment that are working agriculture | 152 | 0.0064 | 0.0099 | 0.0003 | 0.0572 |
| Proportion of those aged 16–74 in managerial and professional occupations | 152 | 0.3114 | 0.0769 | 0.1835 | 0.6674 |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation (2010) | 152 | 23.0753 | 8.6040 | 5.4466 | 43.4465 |