Characteristics of American Adults by Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplement (MVM) Usage
| Characteristic | MVM non-users (n=4933*) | MVM users (n=16 670*) | FDR-adjusted p value† |
| Weighted sample, % | 22.4 (21.8 to 23.0) | 77.6 (76.9 to 78.0) | |
| Age, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| Mean age, years (95% CI) | 48.1 (47.4 to 48.7) | 49.7 (49.3 to 50.2) | <0.001 |
| 18–27 | 14.9 (13.8 to 16.2) | 13.1 (12.2 to 14.1) | |
| 28–37 | 16.6 (15.4 to 18.0) | 16.9 (16.2 to 17.7) | |
| 38–47 | 17.4 (16.3 to 18.6) | 15.3 (14.6 to 15.9) | |
| 48–57 | 17.7 (16.4 to 19.0) | 17.6 (16.9 to 18.3) | |
| 58–67 | 14.3 (13.2 to 15.5) | 15.4 (14.8 to 16.1) | |
| 68–80 | 10.1 (9.2 to 11.1) | 12.8 (12.1 to 13.5) | |
| >80 | 5.9 (5.1 to 6.8) | 6.2 (5.7 to 6.7) | |
| Race, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| White only | 82.2 (81.0 to 83.3) | 82.9 (82.1 to 83.6) | <0.001 |
| Black/African American only | 11.4 (10.4 to 12.5) | 10.4 (9.9 to 11.0) | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native only | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | |
| Asian only | 3.5 (3.1 to 4.0) | 4.3 (3.9 to 4.6) | |
| Multiple race | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.2) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.1) | |
| Female, % (95% CI‡) | 54.1 (52.6 to 55.6) | 59.1 (58.2 to 60.1) | <0.001 |
| Family income relative to federal poverty level, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| <100 | 16.9 (15.3 to 18.4) | 12.4 (11.5 to 13.3) | <0.001 |
| 100–199 | 19.7 (18.2 to 21.2) | 17.9 (17.1 to 18.8) | |
| 200–299 | 17.3 (15.8 to 18.7) | 17.0 (16.2 to 17.8) | |
| 300–399 | 12.8 (11.4 to 14.2) | 13.4 (12.6 to 14.1) | |
| ≥400 | 33.4 (31.1 to 35.6) | 39.4 (37.9 to 40.9) | |
| Education status, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| Did not graduate high school | 11.7 (10.7 to 12.8) | 9.6 (9.0 to 10.1) | <0.001 |
| Grade 12 or GED | 26.6 (24.8 to 28.5) | 22.4 (21.4 to 23.4) | |
| Some college, no degree | 22.1 (20.5 to 23.8) | 21.2 (20.1 to 22.4) | |
| Associates degree | 10.8 (9.7 to 11.9) | 12.0 (11.4 to 12.6) | |
| College graduate or higher | 28.7 (26.7 to 30.7) | 34.7 (33.3 to 36.2) | |
| Relationship status, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| Married or living with partner | 49.0 (46.4 to 51.7) | 51.0 (49.4 to 52.7) | <0.001 |
| Separated, divorced or widowed | 26.6 (25.0 to 28.3) | 26.7 (25.6 to 27.8) | |
| Never married | 24.3 (22.5 to 26.1) | 22.3 (21.0 to 23.5) | |
| Employment status, % (95% CI‡) | |||
| Employed | 58.1 (55.2 to 60.9) | 58.6 (56.7 to 60.5) | 0.05 |
| Unemployed, looking for work | 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) | 5.2 (4.8 to 5.6) | |
| Not in labour force | 35.8 (33.7 to 37.9) | 36.2 (34.8 to 37.6) | |
| Minor child in household, % (95% CI‡) | 30.4 (28.8 to 32.0) | 26.5 (25.5 to 27.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-English-speaking interview, % (95% CI‡) | 3.6 (3.1 to 4.1) | 3.5 (3.1 to 3.8) | 0.66 |
| Has health insurance, % (95% CI‡) | 84.3 (83.1 to 85.4) | 87.4 (86.9 to 88.0) | <0.001 |
| No office visit for healthcare in the past 2 weeks, % (95% CI‡) | 79.8 (78.6 to 81.0) | 76.4 (75.7 to 77.1) | <0.001 |
| Unmet medical care due to cost in the past year, % (95% CI‡) | 9.4 (8.5 to 10.3) | 8.7 (8.3 to 9.2) | 0.19 |
*Unweighted sample size.
†FDR-adjusted p value was computed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure; p values were computed using a two-sample t-test or χ2 test for independence.
‡All confidence intervals were computed based on a Rao-Scott-scaled χ2 distribution for the loglikelihood from a binomial distribution using the Survey package in R.
§GED indicates completion of General Educational Development and provides certification of high-school level credentials in the United States.
FDR, false discovery rate; MVM, multivitamin and multimineral .