Participant and household characteristics
| Characteristic | Marriage study (n=50) | Pregnancy study (n=52) |
| Mean age (SD) | 20.5 (1.7) | 24 (2.28) |
| Mean years of education (SD) | 10 (2.3) | 7 (2.98) |
| Non-nuclear homes* (%) | 72 | 65 |
| Religion (%) | ||
| Hindu | 98 | 98 |
| Buddhist | 0 | 2 |
| Others | 2 | 0 |
| Median annual income in Indian rupees (US$) | 30 000 (420) | 25 000 (350) |
| Household income source (%) | ||
| Work in own farm | 0 | 0 |
| Work in others’ farms | 100 | 98 |
| Others | 0 | 2 |
| Median number of meals cooked per day | 2 | 2 |
| Median number of household members | 5 | 5 |
| Fuel used for cooking (%) | ||
| Firewood only | 13.7 | 5.7 |
| Firewood and dung | 86.2 | 92.3 |
| % that heat bath water daily | 100 | 100 |
*Nuclear households are comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. Other household arrangements are defined as non-nuclear.