Sociodemographic correlates of direct and out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure
| Variable | Total direct expenditure cost (in Int$), mean (SE) | OOP expenditure (in Int$), mean (SE) | OOP/total direct expenditure (%) |
| Age (years) | |||
| <45 (n=677) | 370 (31.6) | 312 (21.9) | 84.4 |
| 45–59 (n=1319) | 606 (70.9) | 447 (53.8) | 73.8 |
| >60 (n=887) | 596 (82.6) | 453 (42.2) | 76.1 |
| Gender | |||
| Male (n=1252) | 610 (75.8) | 467 (50.0) | 76.6 |
| Female (n=1628) | 480 (45.7) | 367 (27.1) | 76.5 |
| Education | |||
| Up to primary schooling (n=671) | 479 (99.8) | 299 (21.0) | 62.4 |
| High school to secondary (n=1727) | 501 (40.0) | 409 (32.9) | 81.7 |
| Graduation and above (n=485) | 716 (117.9) | 545 (71.1) | 76.1 |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed (n=1045) | 516 (62.) | 372 (36.8) | 72.1 |
| Student (n=32) | 751 (297.4) | 419 (139.1) | 55.8 |
| Housewife (n=1333) | 462 (38.7) | 400 (32.3) | 86.8 |
| Retired (n=307) | 937 (199.8) | 589 (88.1) | 62.9 |
| Unemployed (n=166) | 580 (178.3) | 460 (164.2) | 79.4 |
| Occupation | |||
| Not working (n=1838) | 548 (46.5) | 434 (30.7) | 548 (46.5) |
| Semiskilled/unskilled (n=353) | 306 (36.3) | 268 (37.2) | 306 (36.3) |
| Trained/skilled (n=587) | 587 (85.1) | 421 (52.3) | 587 (85.1) |
| White collar (n=105) | 824 (412.7) | 456 (85.) | 824 (412.7) |
| Wealth index | |||
| 1 (n=637) | 278 (46.4) | 227 (32.7) | 81.7 |
| 2 (n=960) | 402 (34.7) | 312 (22.9) | 77.7 |
| 3 (n=1286) | 744 (71.2) | 560 (51.9) | 75.2 |
| City | |||
| Chennai (n=1228) | 335 (30.4) | 292 (24.4) | 87.2 |
| New Delhi (n=1021) | 744 (71.4) | 564 (57.6) | 75.9 |
| Karachi (n=634) | 550 (84.9) | 366 (38.8) | 66.5 |