Characteristics of included studies and summary of outcomes from individual studies
| Citation | Period of study | Location(s) (setting) | Environmental sample | Positive samples, % | Mean concentration or range (GC/L) | Genotypes |
| South Africa | ||||||
| Rachida et al25 | 2013 | Cato Ridge, KZN (Kwa Zulu-Natal (urban) | Surface water | 72.7 (8/11) | NR | V |
| Osuolale and Okoh26 | 2012–2013 | Eastern Cape (urban) | Treated sewage | 8.6 (6/70) | NR | NR |
| Adefisoye et al27 | 2012–2013 | Stutterheim (urban) | Raw and treated sewage | 6.3 (3/48) | NR | NR |
| Saïd et al19 | 2012 | Gauteng (urban) | Surface water and treated sewage | 48.6 (35/70) | NR | IB |
| Chigor and Okoh20 | 2010–2011 | Buffalo River (rural) | Surface water | 41.3 (31/72) | 1.5E+01 to 1.9E+05 | NR |
| Venter et al21 | 1997–2000 | Gauteng (urban) | Surface water | 16.2 (50/308) | NR | NR |
| Mozambique | ||||||
| Nenonen et al28 | 2004 | Maputo Bay (Urban) | Shellfish | 33.3 (23/69) | NR | IB |
| Uganda | ||||||
| O’Brien et al29 | 2016 | Kampala/Nakivubo (urban) | Raw and treated sewage, surface water (swamp) | 46.7 (28/60) | 5.88E+03 to 1.0E+04 (RS) | NR |
| 1.41E+03 to 1.11+04 (TS) | ||||||
| 2.73E+03 (SW) | ||||||
| Katukiza et al30 | 2011 | Kampala (urban) | Treated sewage | 17.1 (7/41) | NR | NR |
| Kenya | ||||||
| Kiulia et al31 | 2007–2008 | Nairobi (urban) | Surface water (river), raw sewage | 21.95 (9/41) | NR | NR |
| Tunisia | ||||||
| Jebri et al32 | 2012 | North Tunis (urban) | Raw and treated sewage | 0.0 (0/48) | NR | |
| Ouardani et al33 | 2009–2010 | Kairouan (urban) | Raw and treated sewage | 53.9 (146/271) | 6.7E+01 to 5.6E+07 (RS) | IA, IB |
| 7.2E+01 to 1.4E+08 (TS) | ||||||
| Ouardani et al34 | 2009–2010 | Parkside (rural) | Raw and treated sewage | 39.7 (129/325) | 4.29E+03 (RS) | NR |
| 1.56E+03 (TS) | ||||||
| Gharbi-Khelifi et al35 | 2009 | El-Mahres (urban) | Groundwater (well) | 50 (5/10) | NR | IA |
| Béji-Hamza et al36 | 2007–2008 | Mahdia (urban) | Raw and treated sewage | 66.7 (100/150) | 7.3E+01 to 4.33E+06 (RS) | IA, IB |
| 2.56E+03 to 2.32E+06 (TS) | ||||||
| Amri et al37 | 2007–2008 | Lake Tunis (urban) | Shellfish | 31.48 (17/54) | NR | NR |
| Hassine et al38 | 2005–2006 | Monastir (urban) | Raw sewage | 11.82 (11/93) | NR | NR |
| Gharbi-Khelifi et al39 | 2000–2001 | Goz Amir (urban) | Raw and treated sewage | 35.41 (17/48) | NR | NR |
| Elamri et al40 | 2000–2001 | Northern Tunisia (urban) | Shellfish | 26.1 (6/23) | NR | NR |
| Morocco | ||||||
| Amdiouni et al41 | 2009 | Casablanca (urban) | Raw sewage | 8.0 (4/50) | NR | NR |
| Benabbes et al42 | 2006–2010 | Atlantic Coast (urban) | Shellfish | 2.6 (2/77) | 1.0E+02 | NR |
| Chad | ||||||
| Guerrero-Latorre et al43 | 2009 | Dogdore (urban) | Ground and surface water | 0.0 (0/16) | NR | NR |
| Pakistan | ||||||
| Ahmad et al44 | 2016–2017 | Lahore (urban) | Surface water | 8.6 (6/70) | NR | IA |
| Ahmad et al45 | 2014 | Peshawar (rural) | Raw sewage | 12.63 (12/95) | NR | NR |
| Ahmad et al46 | 2013 | Faisalabad (urban) | Raw sewage and surface water | 4.0 (3/75) | NR | NR |
| Khan et al47 | 2011 | Mardan (urban) | Raw and treated sewage and vegetables | 10.3 (3/29) | NR | NR |
| India | ||||||
| Chobe and Arankalle48 | 2007 | Shimla (urban) | Raw and treated sewage, surface water | 80 (4/5) | NR | IIIA |
| Arankalle et al49 | 2005 | Kottayam-Kerala (urban) | Raw sewage and surface water | 17.64 (3/17) | 1.0E+02 to 2.6E+03 (RS) | NR |
| Umesha et al50 | 2003–2005 | Sasthan, Mulki (urban) | Shellfish | 0.0 (0/194) | NR | IIIA |
| Phanuwan et al51 | 2005 | Kampung Melayu (urban) | Surface water | 70.58 (12/17) | NR | NR |
| Chadha et al52 | 2004 | Daund, Pune (rural) | Raw sewage and groundwater | 33.3 (1/3) | NR | IIIA |
| Chitambar et al53 | 2002 | Pune (urban) | Raw sewage | 90 (9/10) | NR | IB, IIIA |
| Philippines | ||||||
| Bai et al54 | 2012–2013 | Metro Manila (urban) | Surface water | 58.3 (7/12) | NR | IA, IIIA |
GC/L, genome copies per litre; NR, not reported; RS, raw sewage; SW, surface water; TS, treated sewage.