Prevalence and dosages of opioids
| Patients, n (%) | Dose (mg), median (IQR) | |
| Morphine equivalent | 1906 (100) | 30 (15–80.5) |
| Morphine | 169 (8.9) | 40 (20–160) |
| Hydromorphone | 18 (0.9) | 12 (8–16) |
| Transdermal fentanyl | 401 (21.0) | 0.6 (0.6–1.8) |
| Sublingual buprenorphine | 19 (1.0) | 6 (2–16) |
| Transdermal buprenorphine | 18 (0.9) | 0.84 (0.84–1.68) |
| Tramadol | 316 (16.6) | 100 (75–150) |
| Hydrocodeine | 10 (0.5) | 16.5 (10–30) |
| Codeine | 130 (6.8) | 60 (30–90) |
| Levomethadone | 3 (0.2) | 10 (10–10) |
| Methadone | 118 (6.2) | 80 (35–200) |
| Oxycodone | 92 (4.8) | 20 (15–30) |
| Oxycodone/naloxone | 667 (35.0) | 20 (10–40) |
| Tapentadol | 102 (5.4) | 150 (100–200) |
| Tilidine | 1 (0.1) | 150 (150–150) |
| Pethidine | 3 (0.2) | 50 (50–400) |
Doses are given for the respective opioid. For oxycodone/naloxone, only the oxycodone dose was used. The conversion factors for the morphine equivalent calculation are as follows: hydromorphone, 4.5; transdermal fentanyl, 2.4; sublingual buprenorphine, 0.1; transdermal buprenorphine, 2.3; tramadol, 0.13; hydrocodeine, 0.13; codeine, 0.13; levomethadone, 16; methadone, 8; oxycodone, 1.5; oxycodone naloxone, 1.5; tepentadole, 0.3, tilidine, 0.2; pethidine, 0.4.25