Comparison between self-reported intake and laboratory detection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids and illicit drugs at the Moscow site
| Laboratory analysis | No | Yes | Not sure | |
| Self-reported intake of sedatives in last 24 hours | ||||
| Barbiturates* | p<0.0001 | |||
| Negative | 2447 (83.2 %) | 493 (16.8 %) | 1 (0.0 %) | |
| Positive | 29 (42.6 %) | 38 (55.9 %) | 1 (1.5 %) | |
| Self-reported intake of sedatives in last 24 hours | ||||
| Benzodiazepines* | p<0.0001 | |||
| Negative | 2279 (83.8 %) | 438 (16.1 %) | 1 (0.1 %) | |
| Positive | 197 (67.7 %) | 93 (32.0 %) | 1 (0.3 %) | |
| Self-reported intake of painkillers in last 24 hours | ||||
| Opioids | p<0.05 | |||
| Negative | 2952 (99 %) | 27 (0.9 %) | 2 (0.1 %) | |
| Positive | 26 (92.9 %) | 2 (7.1 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | |
| Self-reported intake of illicit drugs in last 24 hours | ||||
| Illicit drugs | p<0.0001 | |||
| Negative | 2959 (99.8 %) | 7 (0.2 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | |
| Positive | 38 (88.4 %) | 5 (11.6 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | |
*Z-hypnotics are almost completely unavailable in Russia due to various regulatory practices, and there are no drug classes typically marketed as ‘sleeping medication’. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are generally used to treat both anxiety as well as sleep disorders.