Prevalence of illicit substances and psychoactive medication among all admitted patients in Moscow
| S/N ratio* | Number of positive samples | Percent† | |
| Illicit | 43 | 1.4 | |
| Amphetamines | 1000 | 5 | 0.2 |
| Amphetamine | 4 | 0.14 | |
| Methamphetamine | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Cocaine‡ | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Benzoylecgonine | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Heroin | 2 | 0.07 | |
| MDMA ecstasy | 2 | 0.07 | |
| THC | 32 | 1.1 | |
| Alpha PVP | 3 | 0.10 | |
| Methadone | 6 | 0.20 | |
| Medicinal§ | 361 | 12.0 | |
| Clonazepam | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Codeine | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Dextromethorphan | 1 | 0.03 | |
| Diazepam | 61 | 2.0 | |
| Phenazepam | 240 | 8.0 | |
| Phenobarbital | 68 | 2.3 | |
| Pregabalin | 9 | 0.3 | |
| Tramadol | 13 | 0.4 | |
| Barbiturates | 68 | 2.3 | |
| Benzodiazepines | 291 | 9.7 | |
| Opioids | 28 | 0.9 | |
| Alcohol¶ | 30 | 1.0 | |
| Medicinal and/or illicit | 393 | 13.1 |
*In Moscow, the detection limit was based on a S/N ratio above 1000, which applies for all substances listed. In Oslo, absolute lower detection limits were used.
†In instances of substances being detected in a very small number of samples, percentages are presented with 2 decimal points.
‡Cocaine-positive is defined as a sample positive for either cocaine or benzoylecgonine. Because the recovery of benzoylecgonine is very low using SLE extraction, a patient may be positive for cocaine, but negative for benzoylecgonine
§In Moscow, several other substances were analysed in addition to those listed in table 2—these were omitted due to lack of positive samples.
¶Alcohol-positive is defined as blood alcohol content >0.1 g/kg.
alpha PVP, alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone; MDMA, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; SLE, supported liquid extraction; S/N, signal/noise; THC, tetrahydrocannabinol.