Depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and stress (PSS-4) scores and published population normative data†
| PHQ-9 Score | GAD-7 Score | PSS-4 Score | |||||||
| Participants | Norms | Participants | Norms | Participants | Norms | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | |
| Total score | 7.69 (6.0) | 2.91 (3.5) | 45.31**** | 6.59 (5.6) | 2.95 (3.4) | 36.52**** | 6.48 (3.3) | 6.11 (3.1) | 3.80**** |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 6.49 (6.1) | 2.7 (3.5) | 18.56**** | 5.22 (5.4) | 2.66 (3.2) | 13.77**** | 5.88 (3.3) | 5.56 (3.0) | 1.57 (p=0.12) |
| Female | 7.91 (6.0) | 3.1 (3.5) | 35.80**** | 6.84 (5.5) | 3.20 (3.5) | 28.83**** | 6.59 (3.3) | 6.38 (3.2) | 1.73 (p=0.084) |
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 11.24 (6.4) | – | – | 9.02 (6.0) | – | – | 8.13 (3.3) | – | – |
| 25–34 | 8.74 (5.9) | 2.3 (3.2) | 23.56**** | 7.73 (5.6) | 2.81 (3.3) | 13.85**** | 6.94 (3.3) | – | – |
| 35–44 | 8.23 (6.0) | 2.6 (3.5) | 23.45**** | 7.25 (5.7) | 2.82 (3.3) | 14.09**** | 6.467 (3.2) | – | – |
| 45–54 | 7.32 (5.7) | 2.8 (3.5) | 19.24**** | 6.28 (5.3) | 3.14 (3.4) | 10.71**** | 6.16 (3.0) | – | – |
| 55–64 | 6.35 (5.6) | 3.2 (3.5) | 13.03**** | 5.43 (5.1) | 3.25 (3.6) | 7.36**** | 5.94 (3.2) | – | – |
| 65–74 | 3.83 (4.3) | 3.3 (3.6) | 1.95 (p=0.051) | 3.32 (3.8) | 2.79 (3.2) | 1.92 (p=0.056) | 5.07 (3.0) | – | – |
| ≥75 | 4.39 (5.8) | 4.4 (3.9) | 0.02 (p=0.99) | 2.92 (4.4) | 3.05 (3.4) | 0.21 (p=0.83) | 4.80 (3.0) | – | – |
****p<0.0001.
†PHQ-9, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire22; GAD-7, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale23; PSS-4, the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale.24 Published population normative data for PHQ-9,27 GAD-7,29 PSS-4.28