Table 9

Regression models showing associations between modifiable explanatory variables and anxiety

	B	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	β	P value
GAD-7 total score†
Age (per decade)	−0.16	−0.18	−0.14	−0.20	<0.0001****
Female	0.25	0.16	0.34	0.07	<0.0001****
Live alone	−0.25	−0.36	−0.15	−0.07	<0.0001****
BAME background	−0.08	−0.19	0.04	−0.02	0.19
Key worker	−0.03	−0.11	0.04	−0.01	0.34
Risk group‡
Most at risk	0.02	−0.15	0.19	0.00	0.83
Increased risk	0.07	−0.02	0.16	0.02	0.13
Perceived loneliness (per unit)	0.06	0.04	0.07	0.12	<0.0001****
Positive mood (per unit)	−0.12	−0.13	−0.11	−0.48	<0.0001****
COVID-19 worry§
No worry	−0.18	−0.28	−0.09	−0.05	<0.001***
Much of time	0.57	0.47	0.68	0.15	<0.0001****
Most of time	0.87	0.68	1.06	0.13	<0.0001****
Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit)	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.06	<0.0001****
Adjusted R²=0.54, n=2494
	OR	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	β	P value
GAD-7 ‘cases’¶
Age (per decade)	0.69	0.63	0.76	−1.32	<0.0001****
Female	1.17	0.82	1.67	0.13	0.38
Live alone	0.67	0.46	0.99	−0.31	0.04*
BAME background	0.96	0.65	1.44	−0.03	0.86
Key worker	0.89	0.70	1.15	−0.13	0.38
Risk group‡
Most at risk	0.89	0.51	1.55	−0.05	0.67
Increased risk	0.92	0.66	1.29	−0.07	0.64
Perceived loneliness (per unit)	1.11	1.06	1.17	0.68	<0.0001****
Positive mood (per unit)	0.77	0.75	0.80	−3.08	<0.0001****
COVID-19 worry§
No worry	0.75	0.52	1.09	−0.24	0.13
Much of time	3.90	2.88	5.29	1.07	<0.0001****
Most of time	11.63	5.91	22.90	1.06	<0.0001****
Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit)	1.07	1.01	1.14	0.35	0.02*
Pseudo R²=0.36, n=2494

*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.
†A square-root transformation was applied to the dependent variable.
‡Comparison reference group ‘I am in neither risk category’.
§Comparison reference group ‘I occasionally worry about getting COVID-19’.
¶A ‘case’ is defined as a GAD-7 Score greater than or equal to 10, at which level someone would qualify for high intensity psychological support in the National Health Service.
BAME, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale.