Table 8

Regression models showing associations between modifiable explanatory variables and depression scores

	B	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	β	P value
PHQ-9 total score†
Age (per decade)	−0.19	−0.21	−0.17	−0.24	<0.0001****
Female	0.19	0.10	0.28	0.06	<0.0001****
Live alone	0.01	−0.09	0.11	0.00	0.79
BAME background	−0.02	−0.14	0.09	−0.01	0.67
Key worker	0.02	−0.05	0.09	0.01	0.52
Risk group‡
Most at risk	0.26	0.09	0.43	0.04	0.002**
Increased risk	0.20	0.11	0.29	0.06	<0.0001****
Perceived loneliness (per unit)	0.10	0.09	0.12	0.22	<0.0001****
Positive mood (per unit)	−0.12	−0.12	−0.11	−0.48	<0.0001****
COVID-19 worry§
No worry	0.00	−0.09	0.09	0.00	0.97
Much of time	0.26	0.16	0.36	0.07	<0.0001****
Most of time	0.30	0.12	0.48	0.05	0.001**
Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit)	0.01	−0.00	0.03	0.02	0.13
Adjusted R²=0.57, n=2494
	OR	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	β	P value
PHQ-9 ‘cases’¶
Age (per decade)	0.66	0.61	0.72	−1.38	<0.0001****
Female	1.08	0.78	1.50	0.06	0.66
Live alone	0.88	0.61	1.25	−0.10	0.47
BAME background	0.96	0.65	1.40	−0.03	0.82
Key worker	1.09	0.86	1.38	0.09	0.49
Risk group‡
Most at risk	1.28	0.74	2.21	0.11	0.37
Increased risk	1.61	1.19	2.19	0.40	0.002**
Perceived loneliness (per unit)	1.22	1.16	1.28	1.19	<0.0001****
Positive mood (per unit)	0.76	0.74	0.79	−3.01	<0.0001****
COVID-19 worry§
No worry	1.02	0.73	1.44	0.02	0.90
Much of time	1.67	1.23	2.28	0.38	0.001**
Most of time	2.02	1.13	3.62	0.29	0.02*
Perceived risk of COVID-19 (per unit)	1.04	0.98	1.10	0.18	0.20
Pseudo R²=0.36, n=2494

*p<0.05,**p<0.01, ****p<0.0001.
†A square-root transformation was applied to the dependent variable.
‡Comparison reference group ‘I am in neither risk category’.
§Comparison reference group ‘I occasionally worry about getting COVID-19’.
¶A ‘case’ is defined as a PHQ-9 Score greater than or equal to 10, at which level someone would qualify for high intensity psychological support in the National Health Service.
BAME, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.