Prevalence of reduced kidney function by demographics, socioeconomic position, health behaviours and comorbidities in Chilean adults 18 years or over
| ENS 2009–2010 | ENS 2016–2017 | |
| CKD* | CKD* | |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||
| 18–44 | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.8) |
| 45–64 | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.4) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) |
| 65+ | 15.0 (11.5 to 19.2) | 19.1 (15.3 to 23.6) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.1) | 3.3 (2.3 to 4.6) |
| Female | 2.9 (2.1 to 3.9) | 3.2 (2.4 to 4.3) |
| Education | ||
| <8 years | 5.4 (4.1 to 7.3) | 10.8 (8.1 to 14.3) |
| 8–12 years | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.9) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.6) |
| >12 years | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.4) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.7) |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.2) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.9) |
| Rural | 3.0 (1.7 to 5.2) | 4.8 (3.2 to 7.1) |
| Smoking | ||
| Current | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.2) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.4) |
| Ex-smoker | 3.2 (2.1 to 5.0) | 4.9 (3.5 to 6.8) |
| Never | 3.4 (2.3 to 5.0) | 4.4 (3.2 to 5.9) |
| BMI† | ||
| Underweight | 9.1 (2.3 to 29.9) | 11.7 (3.3 to 34.1) |
| Normal | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.2) | 2.7 (1.7 to 4.1) |
| Overweight | 2.4 (1.5 to 3.9) | 2.9 (1.9 to 4.4) |
| Obese | 2.6 (1.6 to 4.1) | 3.5 (2.5 to 4.8) |
| Diabetes‡ | ||
| No | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.5) | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.4) |
| Yes | 7.6 (4.4 to 12.8) | 8.1 (5.7 to 11.4) |
| Hypertension§ | ||
| No | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) |
| Yes | 6.3 (4.7 to 8.4) | 9.6 (7.6 to 12.1) |
*eGFR (measured in mL/min/1.73 m2) determined by CKD-EPI equation. Presence of reduced kidney function or CKD (stages G3a–G5) considered when eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
†Underweight: BMI <18.5 kg/m2; normal weight: BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese: BMI ≥30 kg/m2.
‡Diabetes: fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L) and/or self-report of medical diagnosis.
§Hypertension: SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, and/or self-report of medical diagnosis.
BMI, body mass index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ENS, Encuesta Nacional de Salud; SBP, systolic blood pressure.