Patient characteristics stratified by filled prescription within 3 days of surgery
| Patient characteristics | Opioid-naïve | Opioid-naïve and opioid prescription (n=71.190) | P value |
| (n=27 433) | |||
| Age (mean, SD) | 52.28 (18.82 | 46.71 (17.77) | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 12 894 (47.0%) | 32 445 (45.6%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 14 537 (53.0%) | 38 741 (54.4%) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.0%) | 4 (0.0%) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||
| No high school degree | 46 (0.2%) | 120 (0.2%) | |
| High school degree | 5208 (19.0%) | 12 934 (18.2%) | |
| Some college | 14 011 (51.1%) | 36 685 (51.5%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 5915 (21.6%) | 16 680 (23.4%) | |
| Unknown | 87 (0.3%) | 223 (0.3%) | |
| Procedure type | |||
| Invasive | 6135 (22.4%) | 19 876 (27.9%) | <0.001 |
| Household income | <0.001 | ||
| Less than 40 k | 2699 (9.8%) | 6536 (9.2%) | |
| 40–49 k | 1077 (3.9%) | 2766 (3.9%) | |
| 50–59 k | 1367 (5.0%) | 3186 (4.5%) | |
| 60–74 k | 2155 (7.9%) | 5104 (7.2%) | |
| 75–99 k | 3874 (14.1%) | 9487 (13.3%) | |
| 100 k and more | 10 528 (38.4%) | 29 415 (41.3%) | |
| Unknown | 2166 (13.0%) | 4548 (14.3%) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| Asian | 559 (2.0%) | 1738 (2.4%) | |
| Black | 1650 (6.0%) | 4303 (6.0%) | |
| Hispanic | 2306 (8.4%) | 5797 (8.1%) | |
| White | 19 714 (71.9%) | 52 106 (73.2%) | |
| Unknown | 3204 (11.7%) | 7246 (10.2%) | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Mean no of elixhauser comorbidities (SD) | 1.20 (1.59) | 0.91 (1.35) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 8708 (31.7%) | 17 165 (24.1%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (%) | 161(0.6%) | 278 (0.4%) | <0.001 |
| Depression (%) | 2181 (8.0%) | 5268 (7.4%) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes (%) | 1199 (4.4%) | 2285 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Psychoses (%) | 65 (0.2%) | 117 (0.2%) | 0.009 |
| Alcohol abuse (%) | 187 (0.7%) | 436 (0.6%) | 0.888 |
| Drug abuse (%) | 207 (0.8%) | 300 (0.4%) | <0.001 |
| Median no tablets (IQR) | – | 40 (30–50) | |
| Days supplied, median (IQR) | – | 5 (4–7) | |
| MME/prescription, median (IQR) | – | 250 (150–375) |
MME, morphine milligram equivalent.